Renewable energy plays a significant role in the world for obvious environmental and economic reasons with respect to the increasing energy crisis and fossil fuel environmental problems. Biomass energy, one of the most promising renewable energy technologies, has drawn increasing attention in recent years. However, biomass technologies still vary without an integrated framework. Considering the...

Earth’s most recent major extinction episode, the Quaternary Megafauna Extinction, claimed two-thirds of mammal genera and one-half of species that weighed >44 kg between 50,000 and 3,000 years ago. Estimates of megafauna biomass (including humans as a megafauna species) for before, during, and after the extinction episode suggest that growth of human biomass largely matched the loss of non-hum...

This book will explore our forests as the most readily available and renewable source of carbon as well as the building block of chemicals, plastics, and pharmaceuticals as the next 100 years gradually push consumers toward alternate sources of chemicals. Meeting these needs from trees requires that new chemistry be developed so that plant material is converted to commodity chemicals. This focu...

The use of RESs reduces the emission gases and hazardous materials into atmosphere, which has an impact on improvement quality environment. biomass, especially that from municipal waste agriculture, need for importing energy sources. Energy production RES is a fast-growing economy branch employing significant workforce. Of 5.6 Mtoe total annual usable technical potential in Serbia, 1.96 (i.e. 3...

Biomass is recognized to be the major potential source for energy production. Gasification enables conversion of these materials into combustible gas, mechanical and electrical power, synthetic fuels, and chemicals. In the present study, a model developed by us in our earlier study is used for predicting the steady-state composition and rate of reaction profiles for the reduction zone of the do...

Roadmaps towards sustainable bioeconomy, including the production of biofuels, in many EU countries mostly rely on biomass use. However, although biomass is renewable, the efficiency of biomass production is too low to be able to fully replace the fossil fuels. The use of land for fuel production also introduces ethical problems in increasing the food price. Harvesting solar energy by the photo...

The purpose of this paper is to explain and describe the concepts of wood energy on a residential, commercial, and industrial scale in the United States so that the Forest Service can help meet the demands of communities involved in the forest products industry. In addition, the terminology associated with this field is for individuals to develop a basic understanding and familiarity with the t...