Introduction: Lead is a toxic metal found in the Earth's crust and has been used by humans for 7,000 years due to its high density, flexibility and strength, and low melting point. The widespread use of this metal in industry and the exposure of workers has led to widespread environmental pollution and public health problems in many parts of the world. Due to the widespread use of lead in vario...

Background and aims: Cadmium is a common industrial and environmental contaminant causing adverse health effects on respiratory system and kidney. This has been classified as a human carcinogen. Biological monitoring of cadmium and its measurement in urine, hair, and nail samples can be considered as an evaluation of the internal dose. Because of trace concentration of analytes in biological sa...