Over the last 1,000 years, changing climate strongly influenced ecosystem of coastal oceans such as Baltic Sea. Sedimentary records revealed that temperatures could be linked to oxygen levels, spreading anoxic, oxygen-free areas in However, attribution levels remains challenging. This work simulates a preindustrial period 850 covering Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and Little Ice Age using coup...

Terrestrial ecosystems regulate climate through both biogeochemical (greenhouse-gas regulation) and biophysical (regulation of water and energy) mechanisms1,2. However, policies aimed at climate protection through land management, including REDD+ (where REDD is Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)3 and bioenergy sustainability standards4, account only for biogeochemical...