On the 30th anniversary of the discovery of IgE, the last immunoglobulin identified, the discovery and subsequent naming of the immunoglobulins is recounted. The first immunoglobulin-like protein to be discovered was the Bence Jones protein or light chain in 1845. Over 100 years, later, the final isotype, IgE, was discovered. During this century, there have been various names for what we now kn...

We analyze through molecular dynamics simulations of a Lennard-Jones (LJ) binary mixture the statistics of the distances between inherent structures sampled at temperatures above the mode coupling transition temperature T(MCT). After equilibrating at T>T(MCT) we take equilibrated configurations and randomly perturb the coordinates of a given number of particles. After that we find the nearby in...

Using extensive molecular dynamics simulations of an equilibrium, glass-forming Lennard-Jones mixture, we characterize in detail the local atomic motions. We show that spatial correlations exist among particles undergoing extremely large ("mobile") or extremely small ("immobile") displacements over a suitably chosen time interval. The immobile particles form the cores of relatively compact clus...

Four crystal forms have been grown and characterized by X-ray diffraction of a Bence-Jones protein collected from the urine of a multiple myeloma patient more than 40 years ago. Closely related tetragonal and orthorhombic forms belonging to space groups P4(3)2(1)2 and P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 68.7, c = 182.1 and a = 67.7, b = 69.4, c = 87.3 A, diffract to 1.5 and 1.9 A, ...

The peculiar protein found in the urine in cases of multiple myeloma has, since the time when Bence-Jones first described it,' been found on but few occasions, owing to the rarity of the disease with which it is associated. Notwithstanding this, a great deal of work has been done towards elucidating its characters. The result has been that the various workers have placed it in different classes...

For more than a century, urea has been commonly used as an agent for denaturing proteins. However, the mechanism behind its denaturing power is still not well understood. Here we show by molecular dynamics simulations that a 7 M aqueous urea solution unfolds a chain of purely hydrophobic groups which otherwise adopts a compact structure in pure water. The unfolding process arises due to a weake...

We report the results of calculation of diffusion coefficients for Lennard-Jones liquids, based on the idea of time-scale invariance of relaxation processes in liquids. The results were compared with the molecular dynamics data for the Lennard-Jones system and a good agreement of our theory with these data over a wide range of densities and temperatures was obtained. By calculations of the non-...

The stability of two neighboring surface nanobubbles on a chemically heterogeneous surface is studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of binary mixtures consisting of Lennard-Jones (LJ) particles. A diffusion equation-based stability analysis suggests that two nanobubbles sitting next to each other remain stable, provided the contact line is pinned, and that their radii of curvature are ...