Like most other fundamental mechanical components which form the basis of many mechanical systems, springs have existed since the Bronze Age for storage or release of energy, absorption or utilization of vibration, relaxation or absorption of impact force and when unloaded, return to the original position or to the original shape. Quality, service requirement, performance as well as durability ...

This paper presents grey wolf optimization - GWO. After presenting the biological basis of GWO, it explains method itself and then main algorithms GWO as well their mathematical models. The Grey Wolf Algorithm (GWO) is presented in detail manner its operation application to examples engineering problems, such as: speed reducer, pressure vessel, spring, car side impact, cone coupling cantilever ...

Abstract The size-dependent buckling problem of cracked micro- and nanocantilevers, which have many applications as sensors actuators, is studied by the stress-driven nonlocal theory elasticity Bernoulli–Euler beam model. presence crack modeled assuming that sections at left right sides are connected a rotational spring. compliance spring, relates slope discontinuity bending moment cross sectio...

This study tests whether ERS-2 and Radarsat Standard Beam SAR data could be used to detect spring green-up of broadleaf forests on ̄ oodplains in interior Alaska. SAR data were acquired for preand post-budburst dates during the spring of 1997, 1998 and 1999. The images were radiometrically calibrated todB and then geometrically co-registered to a colour infrared Landsat TM image. Ten broadleaf ...

Work has been ongoing at the NSLS to improve the orbit stability of the X-Ray Ring by accounting for the thermal motion of the vacuum chamber, which supports the electron beam position monitors (BPMs). In-situ contact measurements of the vacuum chamber motion have been carried out using support stands that have been designed and extensively tested to reduce errors associated with thermal change...

the vibrations produced by trains include two parts which are deterministic and random vibrations. due to variation of dynamic loads and patterns of load-time, the random vibration of moving train is one of the most important issues in the field of railway engineering. one of the important sources in producing the train vibrations is rail roughness and irregularities. in this paper, responses o...