A digital system performs microoperations. The most well known digital system example is is a microprocessor. A microprocessor performs microoperations to run machine language instructions. Microoperations are simple operations that can be completed in one clock period, such as additions, subtractions, AND, OR, INVERT, compare, shift, rotate, read from memory, write to memory. Digital systems c...

All companies deal with valuation from time to time. Capital budgeting, company and asset valuation, or value based management rely on valuation. Two approaches are the foundation of valuation, discounted cash flow valuation and relative valuation. The first one is a bottom-up approach where the present value of an asset’s future cash flows is calculated, the second determines the value of an a...

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Understanding atherosclerosis necessitates knowledge of various lipids (especially sterols and fatty acids) and their homeostasis, including how they are synthesized, incorporated into and transported or trafficked within lipoproteins. Since atherogenesis is a lipoprotein mediated disease, it is essential to review their synthesis, structure (surface protein and lipid composition), catabolism, ...

Useful in a variety of oral surgery procedures, piezosurgery has therapeutic features that include a micrometric cut (precise and secure action to limit tissue damage, especially to osteocytes), a selective cut (affecting mineralized tissues, but not surrounding soft tissues), and a clear surgical site (the result of the cavitation effect created by an irrigation/cooling solution and oscillatin...

The aim of this article is to review the concept of the qualityadjusted life-year (QALY), a widely used measure of health improvement that is used to guide health-care resource allocation decisions. The QALY was originally developed as a measure of health effectiveness for cost-effectiveness analysis, a method intended to aid decision-makers charged with allocating scarce resources across compe...

Coefficient of relationship (r): the proportion of genes (or alleles) that two individuals share by common descent. Coefficient of relationship is a consequence of meiosis and sexual reproduction. Parents share 50% of their genes with their offspring (r=.50). Grandparents share 25% of their genes with their grand-offspring (r=.25). Half sibling share 25% of their genes, on average (r=.25), whil...

We describe the basics of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic. Based upon the concept of linguistic values, which describe imprecise concepts using words, the basics of fuzzy rules and fuzzy inference are introduced. In the second part we briefly explain applications of fuzzy rules for function approximation using fuzzy graphs, clustering using fuzzy algorithms, and classification under uncertainty usin...

A recent discussion on a prominent community informatics (CI) listserv revealed arguments for and against the Facebook’s Free Basics platform among researchers in the field. To continue and enrich the conversation, this study first examines the contrasting stances revealed in the CI listserv discussion and derives the CI researchers’ major concerns about the platform. Under the light of these c...

Fuel cell basics: types http://www.fuelcells.org/basics/types.html This page provides an overview of the types of fuel cells currently in use. Microbial fuel cells are one of the many types surveyed here. Fuel cells publications http://www.microbialfuelcell.org/www/index.php/ component/option,com_jombib/Itemid,36/ This page provides an up-to-date list of peerreviewed scientific papers pertainin...