BACKGROUND In women with breast cancer, the role of radical mastectomy, as compared with less extensive surgery, has been a matter of debate. We report 25-year findings of a randomized trial initiated in 1971 to determine whether less extensive surgery with or without radiation therapy was as effective as the Halsted radical mastectomy. METHODS A total of 1079 women with clinically negative a...

AIMS It has been suggested that patients with T1-2 breast tumours and sentinel node (SLN) micrometastases, defined as foci of tumour cells smaller than 2 mm, may be spared completion axillary lymph node dissection because of the low incidence of further metastatic disease. To gain insight into the extent of non-sentinel lymph node (n-SLN) involvement, SLNs and complementary axillary clearance s...

The co-existence of multiple variants in the axilla has been rarely documented. Hence, we report the multiple variations of axillary structures and axillary arch. During a dissection of axilla of adult male cadaver, following variations were encountered. a) One superficial and complete type of axillary arch on left axilla only. b) Venous chiasma between the basilic vein and brachial vein of bot...

Received January 16, 2007; accepted February 10, 2007. ABSTRACT Axillary presentation from occult breast cancer is uncommon and continues to be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to physicians. Once the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma metastatic to an axillary lymph node has been confirmed, a preoperative workup should be done. The current experience is based on several relatively small retrosp...

Background: The current recommendation for evaluation of axilla in patients with early breast cancers is Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection. Axilllary node sampling (ANS) has been validated as an alternative, but its reliance on palpation for localization of axillary nodes limits its precision. Pre-operative ultrasound guided localization can be combined with ANS to overcome this limitation. We con...

OBJECTIVES To assess the available evidence on sentinel lymph-node biopsy, and to examine the long-term follow-up data from large randomized phase III trials comparing breast-conserving therapy with mastectomy in order to make recommendations on the surgical management of early invasive breast cancer (stages I and II), including the optimum management of the axillary nodes: for the breast--modi...

We describe sole direct innominate cannulation for arterial return for establishing both cardiopulmonary bypass and selective antegrade cerebral perfusion in the repair of acute type A dissection and compare it with femoral, axillary, direct aortic and apical cannulations. We believe innominate cannulation has all the advantages of right axillary cannulation and none of its disadvantages. It ca...