PURPOSE To investigate the prevalence of refractive errors and other eye diseases, incidence and types of amblyopia in school-aged children, and their relation to gender, age, parental education, and socioeconomic factors. METHODS A total of 21,062 children 6 to 14 years old were screened. The examination included visual acuity measurements and ocular motility evaluation. Autorefraction under...

AIM To assess whether intraocular pressure (IOP) is associated with refractive error or axial length in children. METHODS Of subjects from the Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors for Myopia (SCORM), 636 Chinese children aged 9-11 years from two elementary schools underwent non-contact tonometry, cycloplegic autorefraction, and A-scan biometry during 2001. For analyses, refractive error...

PURPOSE To determine the risk factors of incident myopia in a school-based cohort study in Singaporean children. METHODS A 3-year prospective cohort study was conducted in Singaporean school children aged 7 to 9 years in three schools at entry. Chinese children without myopia at baseline (n = 994) were included in the analysis. The main outcome was incident myopia, defined as spherical equiva...

PURPOSE To report on the frequency of observed refractive and accommodative errors among junior high school teachers in Jakarta, Indonesia, who participated in a Helen Keller International screening, refraction and spectacle distribution program. METHODS A total of 965 teachers from 19 schools were eligible for screening; those with uncorrected distance visual acuity (VA) ≤ 6/12-3 and teacher...

PURPOSE To determine the incidence and progression rates of myopia in young Singaporean children. METHODS A prospective cohort study, the Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors for Myopia (SCORM), was conducted in two schools in Singapore (1999-2002). Children aged 7 to 9 years (n=981) were followed up over a 3-year period. Cycloplegic autorefraction and biometry parameter measures were p...

Purpose Time outdoors during childhood is negatively associated with incident myopia. Consequently, additional time outdoors has been suggested as a public health intervention to reduce the prevalence of myopia. We investigated whether there were specific ages during early childhood when the time outdoors versus incident myopia association was strongest. Methods Children participating in the ...

PURPOSE To investigate the associations of near work, outdoor activity, and anthropometric risk factors with early-onset myopia in Singaporean preschool children. METHODS Pregnant women who attended their first-trimester clinic at two major maternity units were recruited for the GUSTO birth cohort (n = 1236). Cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length (AL) were obtained in 3-year-old childre...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of astigmatism and poor visual acuity and rate of eyeglass wear in grade school children who are members of a Native American tribe reported to have a high prevalence of large amounts of astigmatism. METHODS Vision screening was conducted on 1,327 first through eighth grade children attending school on the Tohono O'odham Reservat...

PURPOSE We investigated the independent impact of potential risk factors on myopia in young adults. METHODS A survey study was conducted with male military conscripts aged 18 to 24 years between February 2010 and March 2011 in Taiwan. The participants were examined using non-cycloplegic autorefraction and biometry. The participants provided data about potential risk factors, including age, pa...

PURPOSE To describe the prevalence of high astigmatism in infants and young children who are members of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism. METHODS SureSight autorefraction measurements were obtained for 1461 Tohono O'odham children aged 6 months to 8 years. RESULTS The prevalence of astigmatism >2.00 diopters was 30% in Tohono O'odham children during infancy (6 m...