During the last decades significant progress was made in the understanding of the physiopathology of the peripheral nerve regeneration. Although the evolution of therapy is not as spectacular, a series of new treatment solutions were developed. The gold standard in therapy remains the use of autografts. We present the current concepts and therapeutic options available.

Performing resection of a biliary tract malignancy with a hepatic artery aneurysm is very challenging. Resection of the extrahepatic bile duct and extra-anatomical reconstruction can be successfully performed using free radial artery autografts from the aorta to the right hepatic artery. Hepatic artery thrombosis can be prevented with intimal preservation.

About 90% of the hand bone tumors are enchondromas. Treatment of choice is complete curettage and bone grafting, usually with bone autografts. We present a case of finger enchondroma in a 27-year-old female patient who was treated with curettage and synthetic bone grafting. Clinical, surgical and pathological findings in this case are presented along with a brief discussion of literature.

A review of research undertaken to evaluate the biomechanical stability and biotribological behaviour of osteochondral grafts in the knee joint and a brief discussion of areas requiring further improvement in future studies are presented. The review takes into consideration osteochondral autografts, allografts, tissue engineered constructs and synthetic and biological scaffolds.

Experimental use of alcohol-preserved allo or hetero graft vessels to interpose arterial or venous deficit which are about 1 mm in external diam eter and less than 2.5 cm long was performed. The preservation method is simple and inexpensive and the preserved grafts could be used almost per manently. The results were the same as one would expect from autografts.

Concepts emerging from experimental manipulations of neurobiological systems in vivo and in vitro may provide explanations for some clinical observations following adrenal medulla autografting in patients with Parkinson's disease. These concepts are reviewed, and a proposed mechanism of action of adrenal autografts in Parkinson's disease is advanced.

This review discusses the history of tracheal reconstruction; from early work to future challenges. The focus is primarily on prosthetic tracheal reconstruction in the form of intraluminal stents, patch repairs, circumferential repairs and replacement of the trachea. A historical perspective of materials used such as foreign materials, autografts, allografts, xenografts and techniques, along wi...