We examine a stark setting in which security or protection can be provided by self-governing groups or by for-pro...t enterpreneurs (kings, lords, or ma...a dons). Though self-governance is best for the population, it faces problems of long-term viability. Typically, in providing security the equilibrium market structure involves competing lords, a condition that leads to a tragedy of coercion:...

J udging from some of the titles of recent books on Russia—for example, Richard Sakwa’s The Crisis of Russian Democracy, Gulnaz Sharafutdinova’s Political Consequences of Crony Capitalism inside Russia, and Tom Remington’s The Politics of Inequality in Russia—all is not well 20 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Corruption abounds, and state institutions are weak where they should be...

On the basis of British, German, French, and Russian documents, origins, course, consequences diplomatic struggle between Ottoman empires caused by St. Petersburg’s gross interference in international relations Balkans have been studied. It is shown that Russia actively, though unsuccessfully, made enormous efforts during First Balkan War 1912–1913 to persuade Bulgarian army relinquish control ...

The aim of this study was to find evidence whether the ratings prior Russia’s reinvasion Ukraine in 2022 reflected geopolitical risks, and if rating actions taken response aggression accurately informed financial market participants conflict’s spillover impacts, transmitting them credit risk assessment. indicate a considerable shock from underestimation political risks Russia, including autocra...

ahmad moharram is one of the contemporary poets who felt poverty and deprivation along his life. since his view toward life is a realistic one, so his literature is a realistic one that can be a whole mirror of his contemporary society. since nationalism and patriotism is one of the prominent indices of realistic literature, so this essay tries to analyze national morale of this poet. poem and ...