For the optical particle inspection systems for unpatterned wafers, it is required to reduce inspection-accuracy variation in wafer and increase throughput. In this system, a laser beam irradiated spiral shape by rotating moving wafer, defect particles are detected based on intensity of their scattered light. study, we propose multi-stage optically variable attenuator system its control method ...

We demonstrate a novel directly modulated transmitter, based on six-section photonic integrated circuit. The device uses unique master-slave configuration with variable optical attenuator in between, allowing decoupling of cavities and independent control the injection power. VOA also provides ability to find an optimum level that balances trade-off between extinction ratio chirp transmitted si...

We demonstrate a variable optical attenuator (VOA) at lambda=1.55 microm using a sheared polymer network liquid crystal (SPNLC). The SPNLC exhibits a fast response time and weak wavelength dependency. Comparing with other polymer-stabilized liquid crystals, the SPNLC has lower driving voltage and negligible light scattering loss when the wavelength exceeds 700 nm. A reflection type VOA with ~0....

B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), identified as an immune inhibitory receptor recently, plays widespread roles on T and B cells. Emerging evidence has generated plentiful information on the mechanisms which BTLA mediates negative regulation in immune responses and involves in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The exploration of the biological mechanisms and regulation o...

In mammography, thick or dense breast regions persistently suffer from reduced contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) because of degraded contrast from large scatter intensities and relatively high noise. Area x-ray beam equalization can improve image quality by increasing the x-ray exposure to under-penetrated regions without increasing the exposure to other breast regions. Optimal equalization paramet...

The conventional radionuclide renal examination using a 1020-mCi dose of technetium-99m t mTc) DTPA (Pentetate), conducted over a 30-60-min duration, does not accommodate the Gates method for GFR determination. Simple modifications to the Gates technique will, however, permit a GFR determination to be made without sacrificing the components of a complete conventional renal examination, and will...