In this issue of Neuron, Cross et al., 2021Cross L. Cockburn J. Yue Y. O’Doherty J.P. Using deep reinforcement learning to reveal how the brain encodes abstract state-space representations in high-dimensional environments.Neuron. 2021; 109 (this issue): 724-738Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (7) Google Scholar use a algorithm understand human neural activation evoked by playing different video ga...

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory disorder associated with recruitment and activation of neutrophils in lungs. Rac2, a member of the Rho GTPase subfamily, is an essential regulator of neutrophil degranulation, superoxide release, and chemotaxis. Here, we hypothesized that Rac2 is important in mediating lung injury. Using a model of IgG immune complex-mediated ALI, we showed that injury...

The inflammasome is a key factor in innate immunity and senses soluble pathogen and danger-associated molecular patterns as well as biological crystals (urate, cholesterol, etc.), resulting in expression of IL-1β and IL-18. Using a standard model of acute lung injury (ALI) in mice featuring airway instillation of LPS, ALI was dependent on availability of NLRP3 as well as caspase-1, which are kn...

This paper presents a method for speaker-independent automatic phonetic alignment that is distinguished from standard HMM-based “forced alignment” in three respects: (1) specific acoustic-phonetic features are used, in addition to PLP features, by the phonetic classifier; (2) the units of classification consist of distinctive phonetic features instead of phonemes; and (3) observation probabilit...

OBJECTIVES Abnormal lung cell death including autophagy and apoptosis is the central feature in acute lung injury (ALI). To identify the cellular mechanisms and the chronology by which different types of lung cell death are activated during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI, we decided to evaluate autophagy (by LC3-II and autophagosome) and apoptosis (by caspase-3) at different time points a...

BACKGROUND Children are susceptible to pulmonary injury, and acute lung injury (ALI) often results in a high mortality and financial cost in pediatric patients. Evidence has showed that oleic acid (OA) plays an important role in ALI. Therefore, it has special significance to study ALI in pediatric patients by using OA-induced animal models. Unfortunately, the animal model hs a high mortality du...

BACKGROUND Neutral endopeptidase (NEP), an enzyme that cleaves inflammatory bioactive peptides, may play a protective role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, its low extracellular activity hinders the precise measurement of changes that take place during ALI/ARDS. The main objective of this study was to clarify the regulation ...

OBJECTIVE The authors designed an automated electronic system that incorporates data from multiple hospital information systems to screen for acute lung injury (ALI) in mechanically ventilated patients. The authors evaluated the accuracy of this system in diagnosing ALI in a cohort of patients with major trauma, but excluding patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). DESIGN Single-center va...

INTRODUCTION Although pneumonia has been identified as the single most common risk factor for acute lung injury (ALI), we have a limited knowledge as to why ALI develops in some patients with pneumonia and not in others. The objective of this study was to determine frequency, risk factors, and outcome of ALI in patients with infectious pneumonia. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of adult ...

Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data and spectral mixture analysis have been used to estimate vegetation green cover in the Great Basin, western United States, to 4.0% green cover (%GC). In this paper, we compare estimates of percent green cover derived from EO-1 Advanced Land Imager (ALI) data to estimates derived from field-based analyses and to results derived from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Map...