background: mammography is the primary imaging technique for detection and diagnosis of breast cancer; however, the contrast of a mammogram image is often poor, especially for dense and glandular tissues. in these cases the radiologist may miss some diagnostically important microcalcifications. in order to improve diagnosis of cancer correctly, image enhancement technology is often used to enha...

It has been shown that there exists a transition in the average-case complexity of searching a random tree, from exponential to polynomial in the search depth. We develop a state-space transformation method, called e-transformation, that makes use of this complexity transition to find a suboptimal solution. The expected number of random tree nodes expanded by branch-and-bound (BnB) using e-tran...

Asymmetric cell divisions produce all 302 neurons of the C. elegans hermaphrodite. Here, we describe a role for a C. elegans Dishevelled homolog, DSH-2, in an asymmetric neuroblast division. In dsh-2 mutants, neurons normally descended from the anterior neuroblast daughter of the ABpl/rpppa blast cell were frequently duplicated, while non-neuronal cells produced by the posterior daughter cell w...

High-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) proteins are architectural chromatinic proteins, abundantly expressed during embryogenesis and in most cancer tissues, but expressed at low levels or absent in normal adult tissues. Several studies have demonstrated that HMGA1 proteins play a causal role in neoplastic cell transformation. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these proteins in the c...

We have presented model calculations to show how the plasma flow distributions in the northern and southern polar regions differ when viewed from a geographic inertial frame. This reference frame was selected because it is the natural frame for geophysical plasma flow measurements, there being well-known velocity corrections for either satellite or ground-based observations. Although the magnet...

Terminal divisions of myogenic lineages in the Drosophila embryo generate sibling myoblasts that found larval muscles or form precursors of adult muscles. Alternative fates adopted by sibling myoblasts are associated with distinct patterns of gene expression. Genes expressed in the progenitor cell are maintained in one sibling and repressed in the other. These differences depend on an asymmetri...

The discovery and development of conceptually new chiral bifunctional transition metal-based catalysts for asymmetric reactions is described. The chiral bifunctional Ru catalyst was originally developed for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones and imines and is now successfully applicable to enantioselective C-C bond formation reaction with a wide scope and high practicability. The depr...

Absolute asymmetric photocyclization of isopropylbenzophenone derivatives was achieved by means of a cocrystal approach. Three chiral salt crystals formed by carboxylic acid derivatives with achiral amines could be prepared by spontaneous crystallization. In the M-crystal of 4-(2,5-diisopropylbenzoyl)benzoic acid with 2,4-dichlorobenzylamine, a twofold helical arrangement occurs in a counterclo...

The first direct enantioselective organocatalytic intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction has been accomplished. The use of iminium catalysis has provided a new catalytic strategy for the enantioselective [4 + 2] cycloisomerization of a wide variety of tethered diene-enal systems. The use of imidazolidinones 1 and 2 as the asymmetric catalysts has been found to mediate the enantioselective construc...

The paper theoretically investigates the peculiarities of energy diagram of asymmetric graded-band-gap superlattices with linear coordinate dependences of band gap and electron affinity. For calculating the energy diagram of asymmetric graded-band-gap superlattices, linearized Poisson's equation has been solved for the two layers forming a period of the superlattice. The obtained coordinate dep...