The natural incentives that shape behavior reach the central circuitry of motivation trans-synaptically, via the five senses, whereas the laboratory rewards of intracranial stimulation or drug injections activate reward circuitry directly, bypassing peripheral sensory pathways. The unsensed incentives of brain stimulation and intracranial drug injections thus give us tools to identify reward ci...

▪ Research on employer coordination in the advanced capitalist countries has focused almost exclusively on the manufacturing sector, even though the service sector is responsible for most employment growth. This article considers organizational change in the service sector, comparing structurally similar networks of public savings banks in France and eastern Germany. It finds that the capacitie...

Previous analyses of knowledge of results (KR) and motor learning have generally confounded the transient performance effects as shown when KR is present and the relatively permanent (i.e., learned) effects that we argue should be evaluated on a transfer test without KR. In this review, we classify investigations according to this distinction, and a number of new relations emerge between KR and...

Concern over the distributional effects of policies which induce changes in peer group structure, or ‘associational redistributions’ (Durlauf, 1996c), motivates a substantial body of theoretical and empirical research in economics, sociology, psychology, and education. A growing collection of econometric methods for characterizing the effects of such policies are now available. This chapter sur...

1. In endangered wooded pasture ecosystems established tree saplings are frequently found in spatial association with protective structures, suggesting nurse effects. This associational resistance is thought to be a driving force behind tree regeneration in wooded pastures. Experimental evidence for associational resistance is, however, scarce. We studied the effects of unpalatable plants on tr...

Abstract In this paper we develop a new composite indicator, named Social Catalyst , able to account for the complex and multifaceted nature of social capital in unitary measure. We use our as well its components, explore relation between electoral participation parliamentary elections Italy from 1994 2008, addressing potential endogeneity bias. Our findings show that (i) positively significant...