objective: the objective of this study was to determine the relationship between religious orientation (intrinsic–external) and cognitive distortions. methods: general design of this study considered as a descriptive and correlational method. universal population in this research consist all students of the urmia azad university, which were studying during 2012 and 2013 (n = 250). all responden...

the present study investigated factors affecting cognitive failure including, age, sex, occupation, type of degree,  terms of conditional  and also cognitive failure associated with academic failure.  the study is descriptive and correlation.  statistical society includes all students  of azad university , yadegar-e-emam khomeini (rh) shahreray  branch(n=22904). students were studying in 93-92 ...

The article describes various aspects of symbolic mediation and is aimed at showing its specificity. The author views a situation of uncertainty as a structural element of a symbol and introduces the notion of a symbol being a special tool for orientation in such situations. On the one hand, a symbol is contrasted to a sign, and on the other, is regarded as a transitional form in the process of...

Many proposals for evaluating cognitive architectures rely partly on an analogy between cognitive science and other sciences. We therefore reflect on the relations between cognitive science, cognitive architectures and other sciences. Some important differences caution against the misguided use of some evaluation approaches. Some unique characteristics of human intelligence motivate the need fo...