according to rawls, lack of information and knowledge behind the veil ofignorance necessitates the existence of primary goods. he outlines severalsubjective and objective reasons to back his argument for the necessity of primarygoods as a fair and neutral element. this article discusses rawls’s argument forsuch necessity while at the same time argues that the “primary goods” listed byrawls prom...

In his insightful editorial, Nir Eyal explores the connections between nudging and shaming. One upshot of his argument is that we should question the principle of the least restrictive alternative in public health and health policy. In this commentary, I maintain that Eyal’s argument undermines only a rather implausible version of the principle of the least restrictive alternative and I sketch ...

the concept of casualty or the causal argument is a concept that draws attention of the philosophers over the time. among those who consider the causal argument is thomas aquinas, a famous philosopher of the scholastic era. among contemporary muslim philosophers, allameh mohammad hossein tabatabaee, has also worked on this concept. the aim of the paper is to study around the concept of casualty...

The teaching of argumentation theory, argumentation skills and critical thinking has only very recently enjoyed any bespoke software support for classroom activities. As software has started to become available, it has been characterised by idiosyncratic, incompatible approaches not only to data representation and processing but also to underlying theories of argument. The rise in popularity of...

In analysing controversies and debates—which would include reviewing a literature in order to plan research, or assessing intelligence to formulate policy—there is no one worldview which can be mapped, for instance as a single, coherent concept map. The cartographic challenge is to show which facts are agreed and contested, and the different kinds of narrative links that use facts as evidence t...

This paper aims to demonstrate how the workings of the argument-mapping software Compendium are compatible with both Peirce‟s notion of semiotics and with the Actor-Network Theory framework developed chiefly by Bruno Latour. With these concepts established, this paper explores the implications of Compendium for McLuhan‟s conception of media. Following that, the implications for sensemaking and ...

2 Existential Lower Bounds Theorem 1 (Lupanov, Shannon) For each ε > 0 and for each sufficiently large n, ∃f : {0, 1}n → {0, 1} with circuit complexity (over the full basis B2) at least (1− ε)2n n . Proof: We will prove the required result using a counting argument. In particular, we will show that the number of functions mapping {0, 1}n to {0, 1} is much larger than the number of ’distinct’ ci...