The arboviruses that cause dengue, chikungunya, and Zika illnesses have rapidly expanded across the globe in recent years, with large-scale outbreaks occurring in Western Hemisphere territories in close proximity to the United States (U.S.). In March 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC) expanded its vector surveillance maps for A. aegypti and A. albopictus, the mosquito ve...

One of the main problems in developing countries is to define in quantative terms the major health problems so that preventative and therapeutic measures can be applied. In Pakistan, as in many similar countries, acute febrile diseases account for an enormous amount of morbidity and mortality and also can severely affect the economy. Although in Pakistan some diseases such as malaria have long ...

To investigate arbovirus transmission in North Dakota, we collected and screened mosquitoes for viral infection by Vero cell culture assay. Seven viruses were isolated from 13 mosquito species. Spatial and temporal distributions of the important vectors of West Nile virus (WNV), Cache Valley virus, Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), and trivittatus virus are reported. Snowshoe hare virus, Potosi vir...

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases focuses its scope on the ‘‘neglected’’ communicable diseases of developing countries, diseases that do not receive attention from the developed world. The list of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is mainly comprised of helminths, protozoa, and many tropical bacterial species that currently do not receive sufficient priority in international public health progr...

In their vertebrate hosts, arboviruses such as Semliki Forest virus (SFV) (Togaviridae) generally counteract innate defenses and trigger cell death. In contrast, in mosquito cells, following an early phase of efficient virus production, a persistent infection with low levels of virus production is established. Whether arboviruses counteract RNA interference (RNAi), which provides an important a...

Arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes are a major cause of human disease worldwide. The absence of vaccines and effective vector control strategies has resulted in the need for novel mosquito control strategies. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia has been proposed to form the basis for an effective mosquito biocontrol strategy. Resident strains of Wolbachia inhibit viral replication in Droso...

A total of 187 different species of arboviruses and other viruses in vertebrates were identified at the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC) from 1954 to 1998, among more than 10,000 arbovirus strains isolated from humans, hematophagous insects, and wild and sentinel vertebrates. Despite intensive studies in the Brazilian Amazon region, especially in Pará State, very little is known about most of the...

We investigate the competition dynamics of two microbial or viral strains that live in an environment that switches periodically between two states. One of the strains is adapted to the long-term environment, but pays a short-term cost, while the other is adapted to the short-term environment and pays a cost in the long term. We explore the tradeoff between these alternative strategies in exten...

Dr. Bond is director, Dr. Lewis is chief virologist, and Mr. Taylor is chief entomologist, Encephalitis Research Center, Florida State Board of Health, Tampa. Dr. Hammon is professor of epidemiology, and Miss Sather is a research associate, department of epidemiology and microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pitts¬ burgh, Pa. Epidemiologic studies were directe...