Corn (Zea mays L.) that has been genetically engineered to produce the Cry1Ab protein (Bt corn) is resistant to lepidopteran pests. Bt corn is widely planted in the midwestern United States, often adjacent to headwater streams. We show that corn byproducts, such as pollen and detritus, enter headwater streams and are subject to storage, consumption, and transport to downstream water bodies. Lab...

Introduction Despite the predominance of invertebrate phyla in the animal kingdom, relatively very little is known about the mechanisms whereby invertebrates activate xenobiotics to toxic products, especially in organisms other than insects. Aquatic invertebrates are particularly susceptible to contaminant exposure and, to predict the risk to these organisms it is important to gain an understan...

The diets of four diurnal fish species (Creagrutus bolivari, Knodus deuterodonoides, Knodus sp. and Poecilia reticulata) were examined during a year in the Orituco stream at northern Venezuela. The fishes were sampled monthly from February 1991 to March 1992 (except October 1991 and February 1992) in the stream main channel with a beach seine and a cast net. Diet is reported as frequency of occ...

Global warming is a reality and there is evidence that some New Zealand freshwaters have already increased by as much as 1.6 C over a 17-year period. Temperature increases may cause a southwards retreat of vulnerable aquatic species in New Zealand as a 3 C temperature increase will shift a derived degree day / latitude regression 670 km southward. Introduced salmonids, stream invertebrates and ...

Chemical communication occurs when both originator (signaller) and one or more receiver(s) possess specializations for chemical exchange of information. Chemical information can be used by a wide variety of species to locate food and mates, avoid predators and engage in social interactions. In this review, we focus on chemical signalling between mates or cues from nest sites or hosts by selecte...

Six of the 12 living orders aquatic insects contain species engaged in entomophagy, but few are being harvested effectively, leading to overexploitation and local extinction. Existing practices range from including (e.g. dipterans) core diets many indigenous peoples consumption selected as novelty food caddisflies). Comparison nutritional worth human diet domestic animal feed examined. Question...

Five locations were sampled with three duplicates from each throughout the course of a six-month period, November 2021 to April 2022, in order assess biodiversity crustaceans. Water was also included samples. Certain chemical and physical characteristics water are measured. overall density aquatic insects varied (1–257) individuals/L, month had greatest density. According findings isolation ide...

Using 180 degrees field-of-view imaging polarimetry, we measured the reflection-polarization patterns of two artificial surfaces (water-dummies) in the red, green and blue spectral ranges under clear and partly cloudy skies at different solar elevations. The dummies consisted of a horizontal glass pane with a matt black or matt light grey cloth underneath, imitating a dark or bright water body,...