OBJECTIVES To investigate effects on surveillance results of hospital antibiotic use when WHO defined daily doses (WHO DDDs) are adjusted to doses recommended for hospitalized patients [hospital-adjusted defined daily doses (haDDDs)]. METHODS Data for antibiotic use in 2006-11 for all 22 Norwegian Health Enterprises were analysed with both WHO DDDs and haDDDs as numerators. The haDDDs were de...

BACKGROUND Salmonella causes acute systemic inflammation by using its virulence factors to invade the intestinal epithelium. But, prolonged inflammation may provoke severe body catabolism and immunological diseases. Salmonella has become more life-threatening due to emergence of multiple-antibiotic resistant strains. Mannose-rich oligosaccharides (MOS) from cells walls of Saccharomyces cerevisi...

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different level of virginiamycin (VIR) on Growth performance, biochemistry, and hematology blood parameters broiler chickens. A total of 240 day-old broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to four groups of 15 chicks each. Each four groups assigned in completely randomized design with four replicate. Experimental groups consisted ...

The streptogramin combination therapy of quinupristin-dalfopristin (Synercid) is used to treat infections caused by bacterial pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. However, the effectiveness of this therapy is being compromised because of an increased incidence of streptogramin resistance. One of the clinically observed mec...

It is difficult to measure online substrate, biomass, and product concentrations, due to the lack of reliable sensors in the fermentation. In view of this, the pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, and CO2 production, among others, are usually utilized in bioprocess analysis. With these easily obtained online measurements, it is possible to reconstruct the evolution of the state variables or...