the reaction of 3-chloropropyl boehmite nanoparticles with caffeine and sulfuric acid afforded bnps-3-propyl-imidazolopyridinium hydrogen sulfate [bnps-caff]hso4 as a new bnps-supported ionic liquid (il) catalyst. [bnps-caff]hso4 proved to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of pyrazolopyranopyrimidines via a one-pot four-component reaction of hydrazine hydrate, ethyl aceto...

molds are one of the most important causes of food spoilage that produce toxic substances called mycotoxins, which endanger the consumer health. the adverse effects of synthetic food preservatives consumption made researches to focus on application of natural preservatives in order to increase shelf life of food as well as prevention of harmful effects of chemical preservatives. the present stu...

fenugreek (trigonella foeum-graecum l.) has been used in iranian traditional medicine for treatment of different kinds of inflammation disorders. in the present study, anti- inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of the plant (at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) were studied using carrageenan-induced edema method and compared with the effects of dexamethasone and ibuprofen. various con...

Monoclonal antibodies were produced against gamma-irradiated amastigotes of Leishmania major. Five antibodies (T16 through T20) were selected which reacted in enzyme-linked immunoassays with the intracellular stage of the parasite. These antibodies did not react with promastigotes of L. major or Leishmania donovani. One of the monoclonal antibodies (T16) reacted with amastigotes of Leishmania m...

Leishmaniasis is a neglected and endemic disease that affects poorest population mainly in developing countries. A lack of adequate and definitive chemotherapeutic agents to fight against this infection has led to the investigation of numerous compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro activity of boldine against Leishmania amazonensis murine cell infection. Boldine ((S)-2,9-d...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the in vitro activity of anti-leishmanial drugs against intracellular Leishmania donovani amastigotes in different types of macrophages. METHODS Mouse peritoneal macrophages (PEMs), mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMPhi), human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (PBM Phi) and differentiated THP-1 cells were infected with L. donovani. Cultures were inc...

Azoles such as posaconazole (Posa) are highly potent against Trypanosoma cruzi . However, when tested in chronic Chagas disease patients, a high rate of relapse after Posa treatment was observed. It appears that inhibition T. cytochrome CYP51, the target azoles, does not deliver sterile cure monotherapy. Looking for suitable combination partners we have selected set inhibitors sterol and sphing...

Amastigogenesis occurs first when metacyclic trypomastigotes from triatomine urine differentiate into amastigotes inside mammalian host cells and a secondary process when tissue-derived trypomastigotes invade new cells and differentiate newly to amastigotes. Using scanning electron microscopy, we compared the morphological patterns manifested by trypomastigotes and metacyclic forms of Trypanoso...

Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11), a protein present in all kinetoplastid protozoa, is considered a potential candidate for a leishmaniasis vaccine. A suitable leishmaniasis vaccine candidate molecule must be expressed in amastigotes, the infective stage for mammals. However, the expression of KMP-11 in Leishmania amastigotes has been a subject of controversy. We evaluated the expressi...

A series of cinnamic acid conjugates of primaquine and chloroquine were evaluated for their in vitro antileishmanial activities. Although primaquine derivatives had modest activity, chloroquine conjugates exhibited potent activity against both promastigotes (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 2.6 to 21.8 μM) and intramacrophagic amastigotes (IC50 = 1.2 to 9.3 μM) of Leishmania infantum. Both...