Physiological changes that result in changes in bacterial gene expression are often accompanied by changes in the growth rate for fast adapting enteric bacteria. Because the availability of RNA polymerase (RNAP) in cells depends on the growth rate, transcriptional control involves not only the regulation of promoters, but also depends on the available (or free) RNAP concentration, which is diff...

Antibiotics have been used in poultry to improve growth performance but due to their side effects European Union has banned use of antibiotic as growth promoters in animal feed in 2006. Such situations has resulted in search for natural and safe alternatives, therefore, this study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of commercial herbal growth promoter as dietary inclusion on performance, mi...

*TUC Centenary Institute of Occupational Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E-7HT, England. the types of promoter listed have not been demonstrated as such by animal experiments, but if a substance is a carcinogenic but not mutagenic, then it is most probably a tumor promoter. This assumes that mutagens are initiators and that promoters can induce cance...

The translation of nutrients into increased body mass is achieved in different ways by different organs and organisms. The dimensions to which the bodies of vertebrates grow can be classified as determinate or indeterminate. Determinate types include higher vertebrates in which a species specific stature is attained more or less at the time of sexual maturity. Many of the lower vertebrates have...

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT In the early 1930s, it was reported that injections of crude pituitary extracts increased growth rates in growing animals and milk production in lactating animals. Subsequent studies led to purification from pituitary extracts of two peptide hormones—prolactin and “growth hormone” or somatotropin—which are important to growth and lactation. Prolactin has many functions ra...

Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) are frequently used to enhance weight-gain in poultry production. However, there has been increasing concern over the impact of AGP on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in zoonotic bacterial pathogens in the microbial community of the poultry gut. In this study, we adopted mass-spectrophotometric, phylogenetic, and shotgun-metagenomic approaches to evalua...

Large-scale use of antibiotics in food animal farms as growth promoters is considered as one of the driving factors behind increasing incidence of microbial resistance. Several alternatives are under investigation to reduce the amount of total antibiotics used in order to avoid any potential transmission of drug resistant microbes to humans through food chain. Copper sulfate and zinc oxide salt...

Demands for higher production and consumer demand healthier food have encouraged intensive research alternative animal growth promoters in recent years. Research trends are focused on the development of new products enriched with feed additives to improve health enhancing production. Many these compounds unstable presence light, air, water, or high temperatures need be protected during processi...

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription is regulated primarily at the level of initiation from rRNA promoters. The unusual kinetic properties of these promoters result in their specific regulation by two small molecule signals, ppGpp and the initiating NTP, that bind to RNA polymerase (RNAP) at all promoters. We show here that DksA, a protein previously unsuspected as a transcription factor, is abso...