Non-monetary approaches can be applied in various stages of ecosystem planning and management, e.g. in problem framing, mapping, valuation, and decision making. They examine the importance, preferences, needs or demands expressed by people towards nature, and articulate plural values through different qualitative and quantitative measures other than money (Chan et al., 2012). They can grasp the...

Little is known about the positive emotional impact of fairness or the process of resolving conflict between fairness and financial interests. In past research, fairness has covaried with monetary payoff, such that the mental processes underlying preference for fairness and those underlying preference for greater monetary outcome could not be distinguished. We examined self-reported happiness a...

This paper shows that monetary policy can have asymmetric effects in a matching model along the lines of D. Mortensen and C. Pissarides [1994. Job creation and job destruction in the theory of unemployment. Review of Economic Studies 61, 397–415]. when a balance sheet channel is at work. When a lender matches an entrepreneur, the investment project is financed and carried out. There is incomple...

Evaluating and selecting alternatives investment projects needs considering all relevant and important aspects. In traditional methods, the focus is just on tangible monetary criteria. Also in the traditional methods, either all the information’s about factors must be known precisely or sufficient objective data must be available for applying probability theory. In this paper, a combinative app...

inflation forecasting has been one of the requirements for the implementation of monetary policy in countries which their monetary authorities are pursuing inflation targeting regime. however, owing to central bank independence in one hand and as well as the lagged effects of monetary policies on inflation in the other, the monetary authorities should have the sound perspective about the future...

Estimating the value of entire ecosystems in monetary units is difficult because they are complex systems composed of non-linear, interdependent components and the value of the services they produce are interdependent and overlapping. Using the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) as a case study, this paper explores a new ‘whole ecosystem’ approach to assessing both the importance (to overall quality of l...

Monetary environment as the core of financial system has been functionally designed in light of the new set of extensive goals including financial stability, sustainable noninflationary growth, external sustainability, and price stability. A comprehensive monetary policy framework is proposed for Iran which systematically include the new goals, stance variables, instruments, transmission mechan...

Firm cash holdings increased substantially from 1980 to 2013. The overall distribution of firm cash holdings changed in the same period. We study the implications of these changes for monetary policy. We use Compustat data and a model with financial frictions that allows the calculation of the monetary policy effects according to the distribution of cash holdings. We find that the interest rate...