Biological analyses traditionally probe cell ensembles in the range of 103-106 cells, thereby completely averaging over relevant individual cell responses, such as differences in cell proliferation, responses to external stimuli or disease onset. In past years, this fact has been realized and increasing interest has evolved for single-cell analytical methods, which could give exciting new insig...

The Business Intelligence technology, which represents a strong tool not only for decision making support, but also has a big potential in other fields of application, is discussed in this paper. Necessary fundamental definitions are offered and explained to better understand the basic principles and the role of this technology for company management. Article is logically divided into five main...

The core challenges associated with enterprise OLAP are how to structure the database and how to build a decision support architecture that allows for complex analysis and qualification. The primary components of an OLAP system – the database and the analysis engine – must be capable of handling large amounts of data in varying structures. Warehouses will continue to grow and contain data that ...

Nanoparticles are finding many research and industrial applications, yet their characterization remains a challenge. Their cores are often polydisperse and coated by a stabilizing shell that varies in size and composition. No single technique can characterize both the size distribution and the nature of the shell. Advances in analytical ultracentrifugation allow for the extraction of the sedime...

The reliability of analytical findings is a matter of great importance in forensic and clinical toxicology, as it is of course a prerequisite for correct interpretation of toxicological findings. Unreliable results might not only be contested in court, but could also lead to unjustified legal consequences for the defendant or to wrong treatment of the patient. The importance of validation, at l...

mycotoxins are natural secondary fungal metabolites produced on agricultural commodities. mould and mycotoxin contamination may occur before harvesting, between harvesting and drying, and during storage. fao has estimated that approximately 25% of the world’s crops are contaminated by molds and affected by mycotoxins, and the estimated loss extends to billions of dollars. since fungi have a wid...

■ SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND PHOTOMETRY Beer’s Law Spectrophotometric Instruments Components of a Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometer Quality Assurance Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Flame Photometry Fluorometry Chemiluminescence Turbidity and Nephelometry Laser Applications ■ ELECTROCHEMISTRY Galvanic and Electrolytic Cells Half-Cells Ion-Selective Electrodes pH Electrodes Gas-Sensing Electrod...

Despite the large relative mass difference between different Ca isotopes, the isotopic variability of Ca in natural materials is relatively small. Consequently, high-precision Ca isotope analyses are required to accurately resolve Ca isotope fractionation prior to data interpretation. This chapter summarises techniques which are successfully used to digest samples and to purify different types ...

The Boyden monograph should be available to every anatomist, thoracic surgeon, and diagnostician. It has occurred to this reviewer that a condensed version of the text, including only those sections concerned with surface anatomy and bronchial patterns, would be of great practical value to otolaryngologists and radiologists who are less frequently concerned with the finer anatomical details of ...