A methodology has been developed for modelling physical infrastructure life cycle development and management. It is based on a combination of flowcharting and analysis techniques, and maps infrastructure life cycle processes over time using a data flow approach, in which these processes are divided, over the infrastructure life cycle, into modules connected by information flows. This methodolog...

• The report on " Strategies to improve safety on rural roads " [CEMT/CM(2002)17]. • That there are large differences between the best countries and the rest. Policies therefore need to be developed to help reduce the differences between countries and encourage the best to do better. RECOMMENDS that the Governments of ECMT Member countries, as far as safety on rural roads is concerned and in th...

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Are states constrained by international law? Recent studies suggest that the legal regime of the World Trade Organization (WTO), in particular, has no independent effect on members’ trade policies. We argue, in contrast, that the WTO’s “rule of law” is likely to deter protectionist practices against other members, including those lacking the ability to retaliate. The WTO accomplishes this by cl...

We study the topological and geographic structure of the national road networks of the United States, England, and Denmark. By transforming these networks into their dual representation, where roads are vertices and an edge connects two vertices if the corresponding roads ever intersect, we show that they exhibit both topological and geographic scale invariance. That is, we show that for suffic...

The term “plea bargaining”has become a label often used to describe a series of disparate mechanisms to investigate,prosecute,and adjudicate criminal liability. For some,plea bargaining is the indispensable tool to address criminal conduct,while for others it has become a symbol of coercion and injustice. The purpose of this Article will be to distinguish the very different mechanisms that are ...

Different attempts have been made to answer Reich's question why the majority of those who are hungry don't steal and why the majority of those who are exploited don't strike. The two most influential approaches have been the ideological one and the gunman theory. The gunman theory seems to have the upper hand in that it not only explains many cases of successful oppression by a minority of a m...

Roads and cities represent huge sources of degradation for adjacent ecosystems regarding nutrient cycling, energy, water flow and species composition. In this study we test the hypothesis that distance from roads and cities is associated with habitat loss and fragmentation in the caatinga vegetation--a dry forest to scrub vegetation that covers ca. 736,000 km2 of northeast Brazil. The study sit...

In this study we are documenting and comparing the economic and travel impacts of bypass roads in the United States and Israel on the towns near which they are constructed. Using historical research, on-site observations, interviews, surveys, and data analyses we consider the effects of bypasses on local and through traffic, travel patterns, development patterns, and the local urban economy in ...

Ethical intuitionists like W.D. Ross adopt the common sense view that there is an irreducible plurality of types of ethically relevant considerations. They furthermore hold that there is no explicit method determining how to move from facts about which considerations are present to a conclusion about what it would be right to do. In order to systematize our moral reasoning, ethical intuitionist...