Abstract One of the bitterest plagiarism controversies recorded in medieval Arabic sources concerned poet al-Sarī l-Raffāʾ and two poets known as Khālidī brothers. Based on surviving evidence, this article examines closely dispute between both parties Iraq Syria fourth/tenth century various ways which it engaged others, including very prominent figures Abbasid era. Attention is paid to developm...

This article examines the story of itinerary Abbasid Caliph al-Wathiq’s envoy accomplishing mission to visit defensive fortifications established by Alexander Macedonian on border with peoples “Yajuj and Majuj”. Its topicality consists in necessity understand adequately history intercultural interactions among residents Eurasia Steppe. aims confirm that accounts traveler’s experience reflex geog...

The purpose of this study is to determine the periodization and development Islamic civilization, namely progress intellectual spiritual levels that make a civil society. civilization started from Prophet Muhammad saw. Islam day. feature history which examines events in context time place with various benchmarks. Umayyads, Abbasid period, Mamluk Ottoman Contemporary World period. method used (l...


 The Inquisition (miḥna) of al-Maʾmūn (d. 218/833) was a serious attempt to establish the caliph as arbiter Islamic orthodoxy . It actively prosecuted by succeeding two caliphs, and finally abolished his nephew, al-Mutawakkil, in 237/852 most information we have about it far is how carried out Baghdad Various sources, mostly biographical, also tell us something its prosecution Basra, Kufa...

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