BACKGROUND E-cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are designed to deliver nicotine-containing aerosol via inhalation. Little is known about the health effects of flavoured ENDS aerosol when inhaled. METHODS Aerosol from ENDS was generated using a smoking machine. Various types of ENDS devices or a tank system prefilled with liquids of different flavours, nicotine carrier,...

The growing demand for mobility has increased the need to develop more eecient, reliable and cost eeec-tive services for data transmission over the air interface. The air interface, as compared to the wired domain , is characterized by a high bit-error-rate, limited bandwidth, and intermittent connectivity. In addition , power in the hand-held devices and laptops is limited by the battery techn...

The development of cheap and efficient oxygen reduction evolution reaction catalysts are important, which not only push the electrochemical energy systems including water electrolyzers, metal-air batteries, fuel cells nearer to their theoretical limits but also become substitute for expensive noble metal (Pt/C, IrO2 or RuO2 Pt-Ru/C). In this review, recently reported potential graphene-based ai...

Gradient Mn-La-Pt catalysts with three-layered structure of manganese dioxide (MnO2), lanthanum oxide (La2O3), and Platinum (Pt) for Li-O2 battery are prepared in this study. The mass ratio of the catalysts is respectively 5:2:3, 4:2:4, and 3:2:5 (MnO2: La2O3: Pt) which is start from the side of the electrolyte. The relationship between morphology structure and electrochemical performance of gr...

in the present study, a model of a large lithium polymer (li-po) battery for use in the simulation of hybrid electric vehicles (hevs) is developed. to attain this goal, an equivalent circuit (ec) consisting of a series resistor and two rc parallel networks is considered. the accuracy and the response time of the model for use in an hev simulator are studied. the battery parameters identificatio...

The greenhouse gases and air pollution generated by extensive energy use have exacerbated climate change. An electric-bus (e-bus) transportation system favors reducing pollution and carbon emissions. This study analyzed the minimization of construction costs for an all batteryswapping public e-bus transportation system. A simulation was conducted according to existing timetables and routes. Day...