the effect of symmetric (non-symmetric) foreign exchange rate shocks on iranian agricultural import and exports was explored throughout the current research.. time series of 1973-2007 along with hodrick and prescott filter method were employed. the results as obtained through vector error correction and johnson model indicated that positive (negative) shocks introduce positive (negative) effect...

This study quantifies and maps the water footprint (WF) of humanity at a high spatial resolution. It reports on consumptive use of rainwater (green WF) and ground and surface water (blue WF) and volumes of water polluted (gray WF). Water footprints are estimated per nation from both a production and consumption perspective. International virtual water flows are estimated based on trade in agric...

Developing a three-sector and four-factor general equilibrium model, this paper offers an explanation of wage inequality in a vertically fragmented production structure typical of off-shore outsourcing to developing countries like China or India. The model characterizes a typical developing economy where intermediate good is produced using capital and local low-skilled worker, traditional secto...

Consumers and regulatory officials are becoming increasingly aware of the human health risk of the presence of micro-organisms or chemicals in the agricultural environment. Providing 'on-farm food safety' programmes which address the daily management of the production unit with regard to animal health and well-being, public health and environmental health must be a top priority for agricultural...

While the Uruguay Round resulted in greater transparency of agricultural trade barriers and limited liberalization, substantial barriers to trade in livestock products remain. This paper makes a projection of the global economy to 2005, and then seeks to determine the impacts of alternative outcomes of the next WTO Millenium Round. Three options for reform are explored – one is restricted to fr...

Today export diversification has become one of the most important economic objectives of development strategies in the developing countries. For various reasons, such as preventing instability in export prices of primary products in global markets, reducing fluctuations in exchanges of them compared with industrial goods, producing dynamic benefits resulted from exporting various goods and incr...

The agricultural sector has been one of the dynamically developing sectors economy for a number years. volume Russian exports organic products in 2020 amounted to 1% total exported products. In terms size land suitable production products, Russia ranks fourth world, is twenty-first place. purpose study develop set recommendations improve efficiency and export within framework ensuring economic ...

The socio-economic role of homestead land plots and private farms is studied, definitions their terms are given, the Fund in ensuring food security country increasing export potential fruit vegetable products considered. reasons for higher efficiency growing agricultural comparison with other forms farming, as well features use plots, studied.

The structure of the Hungarian agriculture should be changed before the EU accession. The new structure should fill the requirements of the EU and beside this it should produce competitive products. Unconventional products (mushroom, fish, honey etc.) have a lot of advantages: they can be produced in small farms, their trade is mainly free of regulations and their market is almost unlimited. Th...