Since its beginning and, more effectively, since the Middle Ages, medical practice has been the subject of relentless social control and, consequently, of the Law itself. In this sense, Medieval Medicine was subjected to the practical analysis of obtained results, whether with the use of medications or surgical interventions, thus defining what therapeutic success, accidental result, unforeseea...

Although the severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) case definition is increasingly used for inpatient influenza surveillance, pneumonia is a more familiar term to clinicians and policymakers. We evaluated WHO case definitions for severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) and pneumonia (Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) for children aged <5 years and Integrated Management of Ad...

AIM To identify aged care specific work health and safety management issues by applying James Reason's safety culture theory to one residential aged care provider in Australia. METHODS Qualitative, semi-structured interviews with frontline care staff at three residential care facilities - all operated by the same provider - garnered employee perceptions of the safety culture and aged care spe...

This exploratory article examines several aspects of the complex problem of combining data on income and wealth into a single measure of economic well-being. Examples of income-wealth measures that have been used are described. Estimates of the economic well-being of age groups in the current period are presented for several measures. To examine the sensitivity of the results to the choice of m...

Previous research has demonstrated stability of cognitive ability and marked heritability during adulthood, but questions remain about the extent to which genetic factors account for this stability. We conducted a 35-year longitudinal assessment of general cognitive ability using the Armed Forces Qualification Test administered to 7,232 male twins in early adulthood and readministered to a subs...

BACKGROUND   Many cohort studies have been carried out that have provided information on the relationship between diet and health-related outcomes. Omission of important covariates during multivariate analysis may give rise to error due to residual confounding. A possibly important covariate is socioeconomic status (SES) as this is related to both diet and health. OBJECTIVE To determine the f...

F decades medieval historians have placed population at the centre of their concerns, but it is only in recent years that their studies have begun to constitute a respectable branch of historical demography. From the scrutiny of oblique records which provide indications of such matters as settlement, the size of landholdings, land values, prices and wages, attention has increasingly turned towa...

BACKGROUND Based on the knowledge on beneficial effects of physical activity (PA) on health and fitness, we hypothesized that PA in adolescence is related to high education and socio-economic position (SEP) in adulthood. Improved school performance may mediate the hypothesized relationship. METHODS The Adolescent Health and Lifestyle Surveys (AHLS), collected biennially in 1981-89 (baseline) ...

OBJECTIVES to examine the association between 34-year trajectories of social activity, from middle age to old age and late-life disability. METHODS data from the Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU) and the Swedish Panel Study of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD) were used. LNU data from 1968, 1981, 1991 and 2000 were merged with SWEOLD data from 1992, 2002 and 2004 to create a longitudinal data set wi...

OBJECTIVE To test the validity of age at menarche self-reported in adulthood and examine whether socioeconomic position, education, experience of gynaecological events and psychological symptoms influence the accuracy of recall. DESIGN Prospective birth cohort study. SETTING England, Scotland and Wales. PARTICIPANTS 1050 women from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health an...