the quality of life (qol) has been de.ned as ‘‘a person’s sense of well-being that stems from satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the areas of life that are important to him/her’’.  age was also signi.cantly associated with several functional limitations such as illness, and physical restrictions. the concept of ‘‘resilience’’ refers to successful adaptation that unfolds within a context of si...

the aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of retinopathy of permaturity (rop) and to evaluate possible neonatal risk factors for rop. the main study was a cross-sectional study including 150 high-risk neonates born at teaching hospitals of tehran universities referring to to farabi eye hospital. the chossing critertia were birth weight less than 2500 g or gestational age younger than ...

Astrophysical observations indicate that the \Local Universe" has a relatively lower matter density ( 0) than the predictions of the standard in ation cosmology and the large-scale motions of galaxies which provide a mean mass density to be very close to unity. In such a local underdense region the Hubble expansion may not be representative of the global behaviour. Utilizing an underdense spher...

Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) have already proven to be a powerful probe of physical conditions in the early universe (z ∼ 10). These observations have made precision tests of the standard cosmological model and appear to confirm that we live in a bizarre universe mostly composed of dark matter and dark energy. Over the next several years, new experiments will make high ...

The quantum mechanical approach developed by us recently for the evolution of the universe is used to derive an alternative derivation connecting the temperature of the cosmic background radiation and the age of the universe which is found to be similar to the one obtained by Gamow long back. By assuming the age of the universe to be ≈ 20 billion years, we reproduce a value of ≈ 2.91 K for the ...

Most of the observational claims in cosmology are based on the assumption that the universe is isotropic and homogeneous so they essentially test different types of Friedmann models. This also refers to recent observations of supernovae Ia, which, within the framework of Friedmann cosmologies give strong support to negative pressure matter and also weaken the age conflict. In this essay we drop...

A precise measurement of the curvature Universe is prime importance for cosmology since it could not only confirm paradigm primordial inflation but also help in discriminating between different early-Universe scenarios. Recent observations, while broadly consistent with a spatially flat standard ? Cold Dark Matter (?CDM) model, show tensions that still allow (and, some cases, even suggest) few ...

collective behavior is regarded as one of the main issues in contemporary political sociology, a social phenomenon that has long challenged political systems. the purpose of this paper is to study the factors affecting the tendency of the students of shiraz toward collective behavior. to explain collective behavior, we have used neil smelser’s theoretical framework and from the structural-funct...

Motivated by the possibility of H0t0 > 1 where H0 and t0 are the Hubble parameter and the age of the universe, respectively, we investigate the cosmology including xmatter. x-matter is expressed by the equation of state px = w0ρx0 + c 2 s (ρx − ρx0), where px, ρx and ρx0 are the pressure, the density of x-matter and the density at present, respectively. w0 and c 2 s are functions of ρx in gener...