As NOx emissions legislation for Diesel-engines is becoming more stringent than ever before, an aftertreatment system has been widely used in many countries. Specifically, to reduce the NOx emissions, a selective catalytic reduction(SCR) system has become one of the most promising techniques for Diesel-engine vehicle applications. In the SCR system, input ammonia concentration and ammonia cover...

Real driving emissions (RDE) testing is an important legislative tool to reduce the gap between type-approval and real-world of internal combustion engines. Since low fuel consumption nitrogen oxides (NOx) are conflicting objectives, setpoints a Diesel engine its exhaust-gas aftertreatment system have be optimised controlled accordingly. To this end, several authors developed so-called supervis...

Over the past decades, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) using aqueous urea sprays as ammonia precursor has become prevalent technique for NOx emission control in mobile applications. Preparation of from water still represents a challenge aftertreatment engineering complex interactions multi-phase physics and chemical reactions have to be handled. Increasingly stringent legislations ongoing d...

Modern internal combustion engine vehicles carry extensive exhaust aftertreatment systems that have the potential to reduce their tailpipe pollutant emissions near-zero, or even within zero levels of measurement equipment in real-world conditions. It has been reported, therefore, such lower than air intake vehicle – they are cleaning ambient air. This study investigates this hypothesis using a ...

Aim. To gain an insight into the effect of HCV replication-associated interference with the IFN system on hepatic mRNA expression involved in IFN production. Methods. Relative mRNA expression of TLR3/RIG-I signaling genes involved in IFN- β production was correlated with positive- and negative-strand HCV RNAs in pretreatment liver tissues responsive and nonresponsive to peginterferon and ribavi...

Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative diesel fuels. As diesel emission regulations have become more stringent, the diesel particulate filter (DPF) has become an essential part of the aftertreatment system. Knowledge of kinetics of exhaust particle oxidation for alternative diesel fuels is useful in estimating the change in regeneration behavior of a DPF with such fuels. This study ...

The management of mechanical complications which may accompany ileostomy has been well described (Warren and McKittrick, 1951; Lahey, 1951, i95oa, I95ob; Hardy et al., 1949; Cave, I946; Cave and Nickel, I940). Information is not readily available about the management of the fluid and electrolyte exchange in patients with recent ileostomies. The various aspects of electrolyte exchange in such ca...

On-board diagnostic (OBD) systems monitor the performance of engine and aftertreatment components including those responsible for controlling emissions.1 Historically, OBD systems were first deployed in light duty vehicles (LDVs), in 1991 the United States and 10 years later in Europe. Those first OBD systems were very basic and had very little standardization, meaning that each manufacturer ad...