Humankind has dramatically transformed much of the Earth’s surface and its natural ecosystems. This process is not new—it has been ongoing for millennia—but it has accelerated sharply over the last two centuries, and especially in the last several decades. Today, the loss and degradation of natural habitats can be likened to a war of attrition. Many natural ecosystems are being progressively ra...

The first amputees were undoubtedly survivors of accidental amputations . Similarly, the first adaptive device was probably a forked stick used as a crutch to substitute for the lost function of an amputated leg . The eventual invention of a padded peg leg was a major technical breakthrough and became common practice for several centuries . There are historical accounts of armor manufacturers d...

The article is devoted to the problem of clarifying practical purposes using manuscripts Liturgy Apostle James in 16th–17th centuries, their applied significance. This period characterized by appearance a huge number Slavic containing text Jacob. At same time, we are talking not only about manuscripts, but also presence several translation options for texts contained these manuscripts. Based on...

mannea is the most important state, which was established before median kingdom and ruled on vast part of northwestern iran for several centuries. manneaen were from hurrian race and language and probably entered the region about 1500 b.c. in their political life although they suffered many inva-sions from assyria and urartu, they kept their political and cultural independence and expended thei...

Morphine was used as a remedy for the control of diarrhea centuries before it's sedative-analgesic effect was discovered. Although several mechanisms have been proposed for the morphine-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit (OIT), the exact mechanism has not yet been identified. On this basis the possible involvement of the dopaminergic system in morphine-induced inhibition of tra...

This paper investigates very long run pre-industrial economic development. New annual GDP per capita data for six European countries over the last seven hundred years paints a clearer picture of the history of European economic development. First, it confirms that sustained growth has been a recent phenomenon, but rejects the argument that there was no permanent growth in living standards befor...

Reading is a hobby to open the knowledge windows. Besides, it can provide the inspiration and spirit to face this life. By this way, concomitant with the technology development, many companies serve the e-book or book in soft file. The system of this book of course will be much easier. No worry to forget bringing the reading matters five centuries of discovering books book. You can open the dev...

Music is a g rea t zeal of t h e h u m a n spir i t . I t is a n i n s a t i a t e n e e d a n d a powerful ons l augh t t o w a r d perfect ion. I t revea ls spon taneous ly m o s t che r i shed t h o u g h t s a n d feelings. T h a t is why , t h e g rea t m a n of med ic ine a n d r e n o w n e d m u s i c i a n , Dr. Alber t Schwe i t ze r def ined : « Mus i c is a tool of t h e noble spir ...

The period of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is considered as modern period. During this period India passed from medieval to modern age. This period witnessed a remarkable beginning of intellectual activities in India. A number of books on Ayurveda were written. Many British officials and physicians studied the Indian medicine and published their works. A new branch of history of Avur ve ...