although the subject of amending was reffered to in the draft constitution ,but due to revolution time circumstances,this principle was not approved.ten years of islamic state (1358 – 68 ) revealed some problems of the constitution like multiple decision making centers and existence of parallel organisations at administrative, legislative and judicial levels. after the war and considering appro...

development programs formulated in order to influence and create change and improvement in people's lives, that entails the promotion of resources, opportunities and capabilities different sections of the population, as well as an improvement in the standards and quality of life. they are based on policies that presented in form concrete objectives and articles program. this policies and o...

The United States and Iran as former allies turned into adversaries after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Since then the United States has tried to contain Iran as a state considered to be a threat to the U.S. national security. The U.S. Congress has also acted in line with the administrations’ policies and in some cases directed the administration to take a tougher stance toward Iran. A review...

the united states policy toward iran during 1985-7 is a significant issue. the us had followed a confrontationist policy toward iran after the 1979 revolution but a shift in the policy could be observed in the mid 1980's in the form of us attempts to make a rapprochement possible. this article explains this shift through the examination of the impact of this variable: solving us problems i...

there were pivotal elements in 1978's islamic revolution of iran playing such roles which led to the derogation of pahlavi government on one hand, and set the scene for evolution and revolutionary movement in different classes of iranians, on the other. recognizing and studying these factors and discovering their interactional and organic relationship as well as gaining their framework, ru...

From the beginning of the Islamic era, Muslim societies have experienced periods of renewal (tajdid). Since the eighteenth century, Muslim societies across the world have been subject to a prolonged and increasingly deeply felt process of renewal. This has been expressed in different ways in different contexts. Amongst political elites with immediate concerns to answer the challenges of the Wes...

in iran’s history, women have always had important role in political, social, and cultural areas. after the constitutionalism movements, this role was increased and certain women found positions in executive and legislative powers. after islamic revolution, the situation changed and an islamic approached took the place of the former secular one. under this new approach it is usually claimed tha...

Replacement of the traditional interest based credit system with an Islamic credit system was one of the fundamental changes in Iran since 1979. The Islamic credit system, offers the prospect of risk sharing between the borrower and the lender. Small farmers are likely to be risk averse and they are reluctant to go heavily into debt in order to finance investments in new technology and capital ...