Cellular and molecular similarities between orthotopic versus heterotopic mineral deposition are beginning to emerge. During bone formation, the major orthotopic venue, two general mechanisms drive tissue mineralization1 (Table). With endochondral ossification, an avascular cartilaginous skeletal template is first established by chondrocytes; this cartilage template calcifies and is subsequentl...

Out of 24 patients receiving haemodialysis who were subjected to parathyroidectomy, 13 developed hypophosphataemia; this persisted for 3-52 weeks (mean 10.6 weeks). Before operation these 13 patients had had significantly higher plasma alkaline phosphatase activities (p less than 0.01) and significantly higher values in iliac crest bone biopsy samples for active resorption surface and active fo...

BACKGROUND Sclerostin is an osteocyte-derived inhibitor of osteoblast activity. The monoclonal antibody romosozumab binds to sclerostin and increases bone formation. METHODS In a phase 2, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, eight-group study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of romosozumab over a 12-month period in 419 postmenopausal women, 55 to 85...

Bone is continuously repaired and remodelled through well-coordinated activity of osteoblasts that form new bone and osteoclasts, which resorb it. Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete two key molecules that are important for osteoclast differentiation, namely the ligand for the receptor of activator of nuclear factor kappaB (RANKL) and its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG). Active membrane tra...

During embryonic and fetal development much of the skeleton initiates as a cartilaginous scaffold, which is progressively resorbed and replaced by bone. Endochondral bone formation continues until the growth plates fuse during puberty. At all life stages adequate delivery of mineral is required for the skeleton to achieve and maintain appropriate mineral content and strength. During fetal devel...

There are growing demands for bioactive titanium implants that could shorten the healing period, promote faster rehabilitation, and thereby increase the success rate of treating patients with poor bone quality. A synthetic receptor-binding peptide mimicking bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was covalently linked to a titanium alloy with two types of topography--machined (TiMA) and rough (TiG...

bone is formed through the processes of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. in endochondral ossification primary mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondrocytes and then are progressively substituted by bone, while in intramembranous ossification mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) differentiate directly into osteoblasts to form bone. the steps of osteogenic proliferation, differentiation,...

To examine whether sarcoid epithelioid cells of granulomatous lesions produce colony-stimulating factor (CSF), a growth factor of monocyte-macrophage series, the primary culture of sarcoid epithelioid cells was carried out from 16 biopsied lymph nodes which contained sarcoid granulomas, CSF activity was demonstrated at high titer in the conditioned media from all the epithelioid cell cultures. ...

The RANKL-induced NF-κB signaling pathway is required for osteoclast formation and function. By screening for compounds that inhibit RANKL-induced NF-κB activation using a luciferase reporter gene assay in RAW264.7 cells, we identified triptolide (PG490), as a candidate compound targeting osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast-mediated osteolysis. Triptolide (PG490) is an active compound of ...