PURPOSE To investigate the nature of early ocular misalignments in human infants to determine whether they can provide insight into the etiology of esotropia and, in particular, to examine the correlates of misalignments. METHODS A remote haploscopic photorefraction system was used to measure accommodation and vergence in 146 infants between 0 and 12 months of age. Infants underwent photorefr...

Sixteen patients with moderate angle esotropia of 30 to 35 prism dioptres were treated with a unilateral medial rectus muscle recession of 6 or 6.5 mm. Thirteen of sixteen patients (80%) were straight postoperatively or had 12 prism dioptres or less of esotropia. Three of the 16 had greater than 12 prism dioptres of esotropia, and none were exotropic. This procedure should be considered as an a...

Purpose: In the clinical care of functional vision disorders, dynamic retinoscopy such as Monocular Estimate Method has been the mainstay for objective measurement of the accommodative response. It is valuable, fast and widely available. Dynamic retinoscopy however does not allow for quantified measures of accommodation by inexperienced clinicians or technicians. Automated, objective methods fo...

We assessed the extent to which different accommodative functions are correlated and whether accommodative functions predict the refractive error or the progression of myopia over a 12 month period in 64 young adults (30 myopes and 34 non-myopes). The functions were: amplitude of accommodation; monocular and binocular accommodative facility (6 m and 40 cm); monocular and binocular accommodative...

PURPOSE To report the effectiveness of various forms of vision therapy/orthoptics in improving accommodative amplitude and facility in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency (CI) and co-existing accommodative dysfunction. METHODS In a randomized clinical trial, 221 children aged 9 to 17 years with symptomatic CI were assigned to one of four treatments. Of the enrolled children, 1...

Five patients underwent a muscle union procedure with medial rectus recession. The mean preoperative esotropia in the primary position was 51.0 ± 20.1 prism diopters [PD] (range: 20 to 75 PD). The mean follow-up period was 6.2 ± 2.1 months (range: 3 to 8 months). The mean decrease in esotropia in the primary position was 49.0 ± 18.0 PD (range: 18 PD to 63 PD). The mean postoperative angle in th...

A case of acute esotropia with bilateral inferior oblique muscle overaction in a 4-year-old boy with a posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytoma is reported. After tumor excision, the esotropia and oblique dysfunction resolved. Acute esotropia with bilateral inferior oblique muscle overaction without abducens palsy is an unusual sign of brain stem mass.