We investigated the extent to which a contingency management (CM) procedure that deducted money from a grand total available at the end of the study compared to a procedure in which money accumulated with continued abstinence from cigarette smoking. Results suggested that the procedure in which money increased contingent on abstinence resulted in a significantly greater likelihood of obtaining ...

Despite the existence of numerous neuroimaging studies demonstrating significant brain functional alterations in substance users, only a few studies have tried to analyze the association between the duration of abstinence and brain metabolism within substance users. The aim of this study was to examine the association between resting-state regional brain metabolism (measured with 18F-fluordeoxy...

OBJECTIVE Test a novel intervention to help sexually experienced girls increase abstinence behaviors and attitudes. DESIGN A quasi-experimental repeated measures design using qualitative and quantitative data. SETTING Two alternative public schools. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-three females whose mean age was 16 and who were 79% African American participated. Most (79%) had experienced a pregnanc...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the generalizability of stringent protocol-driven weaning in improving total duration of opioid treatment and length of inpatient hospital stay after treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 981 infants who completed pharmacologic treatment of NAS with methadone or morphine from January 2012 through August ...

This study was designed to compare the neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in neonates of methadone and buprenorphine maintained pregnant opioid-dependent women and to provide preliminary safety and efficacy data for a larger multi-center trial. This randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, flexible dosing, parallel-group controlled trial was conducted in a comprehensive drug-treatment facility t...

AIMS To evaluate the efficacy and safety of methadone versus buprenorphine treatment in pregnant opioid-dependent women. DESIGN Randomized, double-dummy, double-blind, flexible-dosing comparison study. SETTING Addiction Clinic at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen women were assigned randomly to receive either methadone (n = 9) or buprenorphine (n = 9) during...

To date, there are few large-scale studies that have examined the relationship between duration of abstinence and cognitive functioning in polysubstance-dependent individuals. Existing large-scale studies of polysubstance abusers have reported only minimal recovery of cognitive functioning with abstinence [Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35 (1978) 1063]. The goal of this study is to test whether length o...

Associations between CHRNA5-A3-B4 variants and smoking behaviors exist; however, the association with smoking abstinence is less understood, particularly that among African Americans. In 1,295 African Americans enrolled in two clinical trials, we investigated the association between CHRNA5-A3-B4 and smoking abstinence. The rs2056527(A) allele was associated with lower abstinence with active pha...

INTRODUCTION The question of whether abstinence during the months following a planned quit attempt exacerbates or improves depressive symptoms is an important clinical issue. Extant research has primarily modeled between-person covariation between postquit abstinence and depressive symptom trajectories. However, this approach cannot account for potential third variables between participants tha...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Smoking-specific experiential avoidance is related to the maintenance of cigarette smoking. However, it is unclear whether sustained smoking abstinence is associated with subsequent reductions in smoking-specific experiential avoidance. METHODS Daily smokers (n = 149) underwent a cessation attempt in the context of a 4-session smoking cessation treatment trial. Parti...