A reflex is an involuntary physiological response evoked by external stimuli. Robert Whytt, though he believed in the spirit, identified neural pathways that elicit some actions, including pupillary light reflex. Bell and Magendie found ventral dorsal spinal roots responsible for separate motor sensory functions. Marshall Hall elucidated medullary control of complex behaviors. Charles Sherringt...

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was evaluating the relationship between maternal serum lipid measured at 13-23 weeks of pregnancy and subsequent glucose intolerance. Materials and Methods: In a prospective study, 624 pregnant women prior to 23 weeks were eligible for the study. Primarily, serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride were ...

Abstract Background Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is characterized by normal OHCs function as shown intact cochlear microphonics (CMs) and/or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs); absent or grossly abnormal auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and middle ear muscle reflexes. This study designed to address whether the input/output of distortion product OAEs (DPOAEs I/O) in ANSD patients si...

This study examined whether mucosal stimulation activates long secretomotor neural reflexes and, if so, how they are organized. The submucosa of in vitro full thickness guinea pig ileal preparations was exposed in the distal portion and intracellular recordings were obtained from electrophysiologically identified secretomotor neurons. Axons in the intact mucosa of the oral segment were stimulat...

BACKGROUND Evaluation of speech disorders in PD taking into account sociodemographic conditions is not frequent. This paper aims to establish correlations between articulation disorders in PD patients and factors such as the patients' sex, age, education and residence. METHODS The study included 92 patients with idiopathic PD diagnosed by means of multiple neurological examinations, biochemic...

Optic neuritis (ON) is a rare neurological complication of measles infection. Little is known about measles-associated retrobulbar ON. Here, we report a distinct patient with unilateral retrobulbar ON due to measles infection. A 26-year-old woman developed maculopapular rash and Koplik spots. On the following 3 days, she noticed blurred vision in the left eye. A Goldmann visual field test showe...

OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of zinc supplementation on neuro-development and growth of preterm neonates. SETTING Referral neonatal unit of a teaching hospital. DESIGN Open-labeled Randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS 100 preterm neonates. INTERVENTION Participants randomized to receive oral zinc (study group) or not (controls). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary: Neuro-development ...

Dear editor, This is a case of a 68-year-old right-handed man admitted to the hospital with 2 days of acute onset of slurred speech and unsteady gait. He denied any other neurological complaints. His past medical history was significant for alcohol dependence with daily alcohol use and 1 day a week of binge drinking for >10 years. He denied any history of alcohol-related seizures, DTs, psychiat...