The use of citation analysis in research on the history of science is based on a literary model of the scientific process. In this model, scientific work is represented by the papers written and published to report it, and the relationships between discrete pieces of work are represented by the references in the papers. Price, one of the Ieading contributors to the model, has taken this view of...

This paper traces the historical roots of the “mad scientist,” a concept that has powerfully shaped the public image of science up to today, by investigating the representations of chemists in nineteenth-century Western literature. I argue that the creation of this literary figure was the strongest of four critical literary responses to the emergence of modern science in general and of chemistr...

Translation of a literary text is a difficult task, for understanding literature requires knowledge of various linguistic levels of a literary text in addition to strategies and methods of translation. To this should still be added cognitive-based translation training which helps practitioners preserve the aesthetic aspects of a literary text. Focusing on short story as a genre with both ...

fair use is a common legal theory of copyright in order to provide free access to scientific, literary and artistic works. the theory has long been faced with a lot of ups and downs in the common law countries and can be considered as a criterion for other countries as well. the recent paper attempts to study this theory in a descriptive-analytical way. finally, it concludes that the acceptance...

The use of citation analysis in research on the history of science is based on a literary model of the scientific process. In this model, scientific work is represented by the papers written and published to report it, and the relationships between discrete pieces of work are represented by the references in the papers. Price, one of the Ieading contributors to the model, has taken this view of...

humans are faced with stressful and challenging situations in different fields of life; many of them can damage not only individuals but also families and academic performance, career and social relations. in such condition, an expert’s aid can help them to better understand the problem and find various solutions, make decisions and act. such professional help is provided by the process of coun...

Poetry is a unique literary work and not easily translated from source language to target because in the process, wherever possible maintain inner atmosphere of (mood, tone). At same time, translators should look for equivalents formal form poem itself appropriately, such as number lines (especially sonnet type), rhyme (praying) syllable (number syllables). Therefore, it necessary review journa...

Early modern maps were surrounded by and interspersed with texts of many kinds. The intimate relationship between cartographic image and geographical text in the map was due to the map’s mixed media structure and its early appearance in the context of history books, travel reports, or chorographic descriptions. Literature was based on other types of text. Epic, drama, and poetry were essentiall...

ENID RHODES PESCHEL (editor), Medicine and literature, New York, Neale Watson Academic Publications, 1980, 8vo, pp. xix, 204, $15.00. This collection of essays by American academics ranges widely over European and American literature of the first and second ranks from the Renaissance to the present day, touching on most conceivable connexions between medicine and literature; the doctor as autho...