highlighting the driving cause and its strict relationship with the formal cause and especially the final cause in the intrinsic elements of natural justice has caused the duality of reason and natural justice in the thinking of the proponents of the reason as the source. since the same emphasis makes the full understanding of the mechanisms of natural justice and its content for the human wisd...

hearsay in common law, is a statement made out-of-court and offered in court as evidence to prove the truth of the assertion made in the statement. the hearsay rule states that hearsay is not admissible unless provided by exceptions in the rules of evidence or courts’ precedents. the test for determining hearsay is whether a statement was made out of court and is being offered in order to prove...

In this article I propose that questions about the nature of contemporary Sufism, especially in Western contexts, can be addressed with further precision and nuance by shifting focus from Sufism’s relationship to Islam, its shari‘a, or Islamic law (fiqh). As very few questioned prior modern period, analytical shift offers advantage contextualizing debates Sufism within much richer history intra...

it is generally accepted that no one is allowed to abuse his legal rights accorded by a country for evasion from some limitations provided by the same country and several laws and verdicts have considered and confirmed this requirement as a rule. nevertheless there is neither common sense about neither the conditions under which such a rule may be applied nor the reactions to be taken against s...

This study considers instant decision-making needs of the automobile manufactures for resequencing vehicles before final assembly (FA). We propose a rule-based two-stage stochastic model to determine the number of spare vehicles that should be kept in the pre-assembly buffer to restore the altered sequence due to paint defects and upstream department constraints. First stage of the model decide...