Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by symptoms attributable to the death of striatal and cortical neurons. The molecular mechanisms mediating neuronal death in HD seem to be related to oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and misbalance in energetic metabolism. In this study we evaluated the potential relationship between energetic i...

The mitochondrial toxin, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), is a specific inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, complex II in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The aim of our study was to determine the relationship between inhibition of mitochondrial complex II and dopamine (DA) metabolism and its transport into rat striatal synaptosomes after exposure to 3-NP. The study was carried out using spe...

Previously, we prepared cationic nanoparticles (NP and NP-N) composed of cholesteryl diamine (OH-Chol, (3S)-N-(2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl)cholesteryl-3-carboxamide) and cholesteryl triamine (OH-N-Chol, (3S)-N-(2-(2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethylamino)ethyl)cholesteryl-3-carboxamide), respectively, with Tween 80 for small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery into tumor cells. In this study, we prepare...

Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) has gained acceptance as an animal model of Huntington's disease. In this study 13C NMR spectroscopy was used to measure the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle rate in the rat brain after 3-NP treatment. The time course of both glutamate C4 and C3 13C labelling was monitored in vivo during an infusio...

Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) is a crucial component in the cascade of events that culminate in a range of neurodegenerative diseases. It is controlled by several pathways, including calpain-mediated cleavage. Calpain mediates in cell death induced by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), but GSK-3beta regulation has not been demonstrated. Here we studied changes in total GSK-3beta protein...

1. Understand the defi nition and frontiers of neuropathic pain (NP). 2. Describe the link between NP and lesions of nociceptive systems. 3. Differentiate among the different animal models of NP. 4. Have a broad understanding of diff erent peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal mechanisms relevant to NP. 5. Describe the diffi culties in relating these mechanisms to pain in humans. 6. Translate som...

it has been proved that sphericity testing for digraphs is an np-complete problem. here, we investigate sphericity of 3-connected single source digraphs. we provide a new combinatorial characterization of sphericity and give a linear time algorithm for sphericity testing. our algorithm tests whether a 3-connected single source digraph with $n$ vertices is spherical in $o(n)$ time.

This classic problem in complexity theory is concerned with efficiently finding a satisfying assignment to a propositional formula. The input is a formula with n Boolean variables which is expressed as an AND of ORs with 3 variables in each OR clause (a 3-CNF formula). The goal is to (1) find an assignment of variables to TRUE and FALSE so that the formula has value TRUE, or (2) prove that no s...

Although it is believed unlikely that NP-hard problems admit efficient quantum algorithms, it has been shown that a quantum verifier can solve NP-complete problems given a “short” quantum proof; more precisely, NP ⊆ QMAlog(2) where QMAlog(2) denotes the class of quantum Merlin-Arthur games in which there are two unentangled provers who send two logarithmic size quantum witnesses to the verifier...