Concussions had long been considered an injury of little to no consequence. However, the forced retirement of several high profile athletes due to the impact of having suffered multiple concussions has pushed the issue to the forefront of scientific and sports culture alike. Despite the growing public awareness and the ever-expanding scientific understanding of concussions there is still much t...

1. introduction glaciers and snow covers in the mountains play an important role in the water budget of many areas of the world (ramage and isacks, 2003). in high altitudes and mountainous regions, snowmelt is a great contributor to the yearly runoff. the snow melt supplies 1/6 of people's needed water but due to global warming these glaciers may be at risk (barnett, et al. 2005). for the regio...

introduction intercropping as a common method in sustainable agricultural systems, plays an important role in increasing productivity and yield stability to improve utilization of resources )alizadeh et al., 2010). studies in different countries showed that intercropping causes increase in diversity, production and more efficient use of water resources, land, labor and nutrients and also reduce...

Esophageal cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide in 2002 (Blount et al., 2007). Its rates showed a wide international geographic variation in the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer (Choi and Mason, 2000; Kim, 2004; Blount et al., 2007), suggesting that the role of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of this cancer (Choi and Mason, 2000). Possible risk fact...

Schizophrenia is a complex disorder with relatively stable prevalence rates estimated at about 0.5–1% (Saha et al., 2005). Schizophrenia is characterized by the occurrence of various psychopathological symptoms that have been described as positive symptoms (delusions and hallucinations), negative symptoms (apathy, lack of motivation, flat affect, poverty of speech, and social withdrawal), disor...

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide (Herszenyi et al., 2010). Because the disease is frequently asymptomatic at early stages, it usually diagnoses at advanced stages (Maconi et al., 2008). Chemotherapy in metastatic gastric cancer patients can improve survival and quality of life, however median overall survival still re...

Heterotopic gastric mucosa (HGM) is abnormally placed gastric mucosa outside of the stomach and can be found almost anywhere within the gastrointestinal tract (von Rahden et al., 2004). HGM is most commonly found in the esophagus. The most widely known HGM in the gastrointestinal tract is in the Meckel’s diverticulum. However, HGM is also found in the other part of the gastrointestinal tract in...

The distribution and abundance of plant species are strongly linked to the physical environmental and thus to anthropogenic disturbances. Changes in desert vegetation, in particular, can have drastic impacts on human livelihoods in these areas as ecosystem services may be affected (Dubroeucq and Livenais 2004; Klintenberg et al. 2007; Käyhkö et al. 2011; Rohde and Hoffman 2012). The Wadi Allaqi...

Studies examining plant flammability descriptors as fire-adaptive traits (e.g., Schwilk, 2003; Scarff & Westoby, 2006; Cowan & Ackerly, 2010; Saura-Mas et al., 2010; Pausas et al., 2012) are normally formulated within the framework of inclusive fitness theory. In such framework, flammabilityenhancing traits are considered to favour individuals if the elevated flammability confers fitness benefi...