Influenza viruses are significant human respiratory pathogens that cause both seasonal, endemic infections and periodic, unpredictable pandemics. The worst pandemic on record, in 1918, killed approximately 50 million people worldwide. Human infections caused by H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have raised concern about the emergence of another pandemic. The histopathology of fatal...

When gene sequences from the influenza virus that caused the 1918 pandemic were first compared with those of related viruses, they yielded few clues about its origins and virulence. Our reanalysis indicates that the hemagglutinin gene, a key virulence determinant, originated by recombination. The "globular domain" of the 1918 hemagglutinin protein was encoded by a part of a gene derived from a ...

This book is a very comprehensive review of Bio terrorism and its impact on public health, mental health, population and vulnerable sub population. The book is divided into five parts. Partone dealswiththe introductiontobio terrorism andneed for planning. Parttwo gives a historic prospective onbio terrorism and sights examples from the past, in particular, influenza pandemic of 1918 and analysi...

With the recent outbreaks of avian influenza A (H5N1), the risk for the next influenza pandemic has increased. For effective countermeasures against the next pandemic, investigation of past pandemics is necessary. We selected cases diagnosed as influenza from medical records and hospitalization registries of Japanese army hospitals during 1918-1920, the Spanish influenza era, and investigated c...

The issues of continuity and discontinuity are rather complex in case the minorities’ legal status. main focus paper is transition from monarchy to republic 1918. During first Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) status minorities was substantially influenced by traditions period as these were used new state. most extensive regulation Czech history existed interwar Czechoslovakia.

The 1918 “Spanish Influenza” was one of the three most devastating epidemics known to humankind. Today it is taken as a model of possible future pandemics by health authorities in many countries. This study reviews and assesses the qualitative and quantitative studies of the 1918 pandemic. It shows that the qualitative studies, while wide-ranging, are neither consistent nor comprehensive at the...

Južni Jadran u povijesti je, uključujući i Prvi svjetski rat, imao veliku geostratešku važnost. Prije rata interese Albaniji imale su Austro-Ugarska Italija, no tijekom rata, a napose 1918., sve sile pozorno pratile događanja uz njezinu obalu. U ovom će se članku na temelju novih relevantnih historiografskih arhivskih izvora istražiti ključne pomorske operacije južnom Jadranu godine koja označa...