The aim of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is to find the cheapest way of visiting all elements in a given set of cities and returning to the starting point. In solutions presented in the literature costs of travel between nodes (cities) are based on Euclidean distances, the problem is symmetric and the costs are constant. In this paper a novel construction and formulation of the TSP is pr...

lack of forest management plan and forest road network caused that the traditional tree felling and processing was developed in hyrcanian forest. in this system, trees are felled, limbed and topped motor-manually. felled trees are processed with chainsaws into lumber and/or pulpwood. in order to evaluate this system, lumber processing was studied in two compartments of namkhaneh district in khe...

Cement concrete and other cement-based composites find wide application in the construction industry. The manufacturing of cement releases a large amount CO2, so use has become major area environmental concern. Attempts have been made to minimize quantity con- crete by replacing it with supplementary cementitious materials. Geopolymer is one those potential candidates for alternative mate- rial...

Providing healthy food and protecting sources from pollution has been one of the concerns of human societies and decision – making centers so that protecting food from pollution, detecting sources of pollution and measuring them become important. Because of nutritive and political significance of grape in this area, extensive use of leaf and fruit of this plant, developing urban areas around gr...

Nacrtak Earthwork usually represents the largest cost component in the construction of low-volume forest roads. Accurate estimates of earthwork volume are essential to forecast construction costs and improve the financial control of road construction operations. Traditionally, earthwork volumes are estimated using methods that consider ground data obtained from survey stations along road grade ...

eremurus and forage are main by-products in the khazangah rangelands of makoo region. eremurus is harvested and used by local people in a period of 30 days during the spring in this region. at this study, eremurus and forage have been evaluated financially and the data were obtained through field work using unstructured interviews as well as direct observation. the harvested eremurus value was ...