We investigated the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) on Pd monolayers on various surfaces and on Pd alloys to obtain a substitute for Pt and to elucidate the origin of their activity. The activity of Pd monolayers supported on Ru(0001), Rh(111), Ir(111), Pt(111), and Au(111) increased in the following order: Pd/Ru(0001) < Pd/Ir(111) < Pd/Rh(111) < Pd/Au(111) < Pd/Pt(111). Their activity was corr...

Retroviruses are the causative agents of serious diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndromes and several cancers, and are also useful gene therapy vectors. Retroviruses contain two sense-strand RNA genomes, which become linked at their 5¢ ends to form an RNA dimer. Understanding the molecular basis for dimerization may yield new approaches for controlling viral infectivity. Because th...

The idea of a "digital signature" first appeared in Diffie and Hellman’s seminal paper, "New Directions in Cryptography" [DH76]. They propose that each user U publishes a "public key", while keeping secret a "secret key". User U’s signature for a message m is a value σ depending on m and his public and secret keys such that U can generate σ and anyone can verify the validity of σ using U’s publ...

Background. Various types of systems have been used for rehabilitation of Spinal cord injury (SCI) individuals, including mechanical orthoses, functional electrical stimulation (FES), hybrid system and robotic devices. Although, the use of robotic systems for rehabilitation of SCI subjects is increasing, there is not enough evidence to determine the positive and side effects of this system. The...

• Wiring for Wheel II corrected. • Mentioning of double stepping anomaly added to chapter 1.3 and 1.4. • Sizes in 2nd drawing on page 22 corrected. • Some minor corrections of text and typos. • Apendix A-E removed.

Recrystallization and grain growth of gold bonding wire have been investigated with Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD). The textures of the drawn gold wires contain major <111>, minor <100> and small fractions of complex fiber components. The <100> oriented regions are located in the center and surface of the wire, and the complex fiber component regions are located near the surface. The ...

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The wetting of thin Ag films on Cu 111 is characterized in detail with angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. After constructing disordered Ag films on Cu 111 , we monitored the evolution of their layer-resolved Shockley states during wetting. Our results provide the first observation of a transitional state, which implies a coexistence of clean Cu 111 , 1 ML of Ag on Cu 111 , and 2 ML of A...

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