The expression of doubt and certainty is crucial in academic writing where the authors have to distinguish opinion from fact and evaluate their assertions in acceptable and persuasive ways. Hedges and boosters are two strategies used for this purpose. Despite their importance in academic writing, we know little about how they are used in different disciplines and genres and how foreign language...

Background: The position of each subject area in scientific production can indicate the ability of the scientific performance of that subject field. Since obstetrics and gynecology is one of the most important clinical sciences discipline of medical science, this study aimed to evaluate the scientific production in the field of obstetrics and gynecology before and after the Iran health reform p...

Through citation analysis, this study explored the distribution of document type, language and publication year for citations in social science journals. Samples were research articles published in 2010 from first-rank journals, as assessed by the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Science Council and indexed in Taiwan Social Sciences Citation Index (TSSCI). The section in w...

50 his interim solution in no way constrains the selection of the next generation addressing and routing technology.” — RFC 1367, October 1992 [1] In 1977, Kleinrock and Kamoun [2] published a detailed discussion of hierarchical routing in large internetworks. In their landmark paper, “Hierarchical Routing for Large Networks,” they discussed the problems associated with scalability and the leng...

Objective: Lack of scientific writing skills is one major problem encountered for publication of research results of Iranian scientists in accredited journals. As the result, many research projects or dissertation findings remain unpublished. This study aimed to assess the quality of writing of the “results” section of some original articles published in Iranian Farsi and international English ...