BACKGROUND Cells are not mixed bags of signaling molecules. As a consequence, signals must travel from their origin to distal locations. Much is understood about the purely diffusive propagation of signals through space. Many signals, however, propagate via signaling cascades. Here, we show that, depending on their kinetics, cascades speed up or slow down the propagation of signals through spac...

Online users often need to make adoption decisions without accurate information about the product values. An informational cascade occurs when it is optimal for an online user, having observed others’ actions, to follow the adoption decision of the preceding individual without regard to his own information. Informational cascades are often rational for individual decision making; however, it ma...

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are evolutionarily conserved modules among eukaryotic species that range from yeast, plants, flies to mammals. In eukaryotic cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) has both physiological and toxic effects. Both MAPK cascades and ROS signaling are involved in plant response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. It has been observed that not only c...

Entity linking requires ranking thousands of candidates for each query, a time consuming process and a challenge for large scale linking. Many systems rely on prediction cascades to efficiently rank candidates. However, the design of these cascades often requires manual decisions about pruning and feature use, limiting the effectiveness of cascades. We present Slinky, a modular, flexible, fast ...

We study advection–diffusion of a passive scalar, T , by an incompressible fluid in a closed vessel bounded by walls impermeable to the fluid. Variations in T are produced by prescribing a steady non-uniform distribution of T at the boundary. Because there is no flow through the walls, molecular diffusion, κ , is essential in ‘lifting’ T off the boundary and into the interior where the velocity...

We suggest the existence of a characteristic inner scale xi for helicity dissipation in a regime of hydrodynamic fully developed turbulence and estimate it on dimensional grounds. This scale is always larger than the Kolmogorov scale eta and their ratio eta/xi vanishes in the high Reynolds number limit, so the flow will always be helicity free in the small scales. These ideas are illustrated in...

Budding yeast contain at least four distinct MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) cascades that transduce a variety of intracellular signals: mating-pheromone response, pseudohyphal/invasive growth, cell wall integrity, and high osmolarity adaptation. Although each MAPK cascade contains a conserved set of three protein kinases, the upstream activation mechanisms for these cascades are divers...

The problem of optimal and automatic design of a detector cascade is considered. A novel mathematical model is introduced for a cascaded detector. This model is analytically tractable, leads to recursive computation, and accounts for both classification and complexity. A boosting algorithm, FCBoost, is proposed for fully automated cascade design. It exploits the new cascade model, minimizes a L...

We have run a total of 311 direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of decaying three-dimensional Navier-Stokes turbulence in a periodic box with values of the Taylor length-based Reynolds number up to about 300 and an energy spectrum with a wide wave-number range of close to -5/3 power-law dependence at the higher Reynolds numbers. On the basis of these runs, we have found a critical time when (i) ...