Neurocognitive impairments affect a substantial population of HIV-1 infected individuals despite the success of anti-retroviral therapy in controlling viral replication. Astrocytes are emerging as a crucial cell type that might be playing a very important role in the persistence of neuroinflammation seen in patients suffering from HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. HIV-1 viral proteins ...

HIV-1 Vpr induces cell cycle G2/M arrest in both human and fission yeast cells, suggesting a highly conserved activity of this viral protein. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of Vpr-induced G2 arrest based on studies from both mammalian cells and the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) model system. Fission yeast has proven to be an excellent model system to investig...

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates several physiological functions, including immune function and apoptosis. The HIV-1 virus accessory protein, viral protein R (Vpr), can modulate the transcriptional response of the GR. Glucocorticoids (GCs) and Vpr have been reported to induce apoptosis in various cells, including T-cells. We have previously shown that the injectable contraceptive, med...

HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr arrests host cells at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle by interacting with members of the protein family 14-3-3, which regulate the activities of "partner" molecules by binding to their phosphorylated serine or threonine residues and changing their intracellular localization and/or stability. Vpr does this by facilitating the association of 14-3-3 to its partner prot...

Palmprint has become a popular biometric modality; however, palmprint recognition not been conducted in video media. Video (VPR) some advantages that are absent image recognition. In VPR, the registration and can be automatically implemented without users’ manual manipulation. A good-quality selected from frames or generated fusion of multiple frames. VPR contactless mode overcomes several prob...

A n HIV-1 protein promotes chromosome missegrega-tion by epigenetically modifying centromeric chromatin, Shimura et al. report. Lymphocytes infected with HIV-1 display premature chromatid separation (PCS), in which sister chro-matids come apart too early in mitosis, increasing the possibility of missegregation into the wrong daughter cell. This genomic instability may explain the increased inci...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected macrophages damage mature neurons in the brain, although their effect on neuronal development has not been clarified. In this study, we show that HIV-1-infected macrophages produce factors that impair the development of neuronal precursor cells and that soluble viral protein R (Vpr) is one of the factors that has the ability to suppress axona...

To facilitate studies on Vpr function in replicating HIV-1, we aimed to tag the protein in an infectious virus. First we showed that N-, but not C-terminal HA/FLAG tagging of Vpr protein preserves Vpr cytopathicity. Cloning the tags into proviral DNA however ablated viral production and replication. By construction of additional viral variants we could show this defect was not protein- but RNA-...

This study aimed to identify the causative gene for HIV-1 associated nephropathy, a paradigmatic podocytopathy. A previous study demonstrated that transgenic expression of nonstructural HIV-1 genes selectively in podocytes in mice with FVB/N genetic background resulted in podocyte injury and glomerulosclerosis. In this study, transgenic mice that expressed individual HIV-1 genes in podocytes we...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encoded viral protein Vpr is essential for infection of macrophages by HIV-1. Furthermore, these macrophages are resistant to cell death and are viral reservoir. However, the impact of Vpr on the macrophage proteome is yet to be comprehended. The goal of the present study was to use a stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) coupled with...