nowadays, air pollution is one of the major problems in developed and developing countries. in recent years, effects of air pollution on neuroinflammatory diseases such as alzheimer disease and parkinson disease have been studied. researches on polluted cities citizens indicate increasing in central nervous system (cns) inflammatory factors in comparison with clean cities; also air pollution ex...

Neurofibrillarly tangles (NFTs) are seen most patients, who shows dementia, while β amyloid deposition observed specifically in AD patients. NFTs observe first from coeruleus and entorhinal cortex, and then spread to neocortex, which well explain clinical progression of AD, such as memory problem to dementia. Tau fibrils are the major component of NFT. Before forming tau fibrils, tau binds toge...

The neurodegenerative tauopathies are a clinically diverse group of diseases typified by the pathological self-assembly of the microtubule-associated tau protein. Although tau nitration is believed to influence the pathogenesis of these diseases, the precise residues modified, and the resulting effects on tau function, remain enigmatic. Previously, we demonstrated that nitration at residue Tyr2...

One of the main hallmarks of the fronto-temporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) is the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain as an outcome of the aggregation of mutated tau protein. This process occurs due to a number of genetic mutations in the MAPT gene. One of these mutations is the ∆K280 mutation in the tau R2 repeat domain, which promotes the ag...

TAU is a microtubule-associated protein that under pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) forms insoluble, filamentous aggregates. When 20 years after TAU's discovery the first TAU transgenic mouse models were established, one declared goal that was achieved was the modeling of authentic TAU aggregate formation in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. However, as we review here...

An ever increasing number of patients with neurodegenerative disorders calls for the evaluation of potential diagnostic markers that allow an early diagnosis and an early initiation of specific therapy. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, reaches 80-90% accuracy upon autopsy in specialized clinical centers. Diagnosis of AD in early clinica...

Frontotemporal dementias (FTDs), including corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), are neurodegenerative tauopathies characterized by widespread CNS neuronal and glial tau pathologies, but there are no tau transgenic (Tg) mice that model neurodegeneration with glia tau lesions. Thus, we generated Tg mice overexpressing human tau in neurons and glia. No neuronal...

Tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathologies, are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) comprising filamentous tau protein. Although emerging evidence suggests that tau pathology may be transmitted, we demonstrate here that synthetic tau fibrils are sufficient to transmit tau inclusions in a mouse...

Abundant neurofibrillary lesions made of the microtubule-associated protein tau constitute a defining neuropathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Filamentous tau protein deposits are also the defining neuropathological characteristic of other neurodegenerative diseases, many of which are frontotemporal dementias or movement disorders, such as Pick's disease, progressive supranuclea...

It has previously been reported that amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide is neurotrophic to undifferentiated but neurotoxic to differentiated primary neurons. The underlying reasons for this differential effect is not understood. Recently, the toxicity of Abeta to neurons was shown to be dependent upon the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), thought to promote tau phosphorylation that lead...