In network steganography methods based on packet length, the length of the packets is used as a carrier for exchanging secret messages. Existing methods in this area are vulnerable against detections due to abnormal network traffic behaviors. The main goal of this paper is to propose a method which has great resistance to network traffic detections. In the first proposed method, the sender embe...

Abstract Introduction Interscalene block (ISB) is commonly used for efficient pain relief after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. But, it linked with a greater occurrence of unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis (UDP). This may add to patient dissatisfaction and also not be tolerated well by patients having respiratory diseases. We have compared the efficacy costoclavicular (CCB) ISB postoperative an...

Practical enzyme-based routes for the syntheses of uridine 5'-diphosphogalactose (UDP-Gal) and uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) on millimole scales have been developed. The activity of galactokinase (EC 2.7.L.6) in crude enzyme extracts from galactose-adapted yeast, coupled to a regenerating system for ATP, provides convenient and economical access to galactose-a-1-phosph...

The flavoenzyme UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) is a mediator of cell wall biosynthesis in many pathogenic microorganisms. UGM catalyzes a unique ring contraction reaction that results in the conversion of UDP-galactopyranose (UDP-Galp) to UDP-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf). UDP-Galf is an essential precursor to the galactofuranose residues found in many different cell wall glycoconjugates. Due to...

The sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol is a component of plant photosynthetic membranes and represents one of the few naturally occurring sulfonic acids with detergent properties. Sulfolipid biosynthesis involves the transfer of sulfoquinovose, a 6-deoxy-6-sulfoglucose, from UDP-sulfoquinovose to diacylglycerol. The formation of the sulfonic acid precursor, UDP-sulfoquinovose, from UDP-gl...

This document describes the Lightweight User Datagram Protocol (UDPLite), which is similar to the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) (RFC 768), but can also serve applications in error-prone network environments that prefer to have partially damaged payloads delivered rather than discarded. If this feature is not used, UDP-Lite is semantically identical to UDP. Larzon, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]...

We studied the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (galU) and UDP-galactose epimerase (galE) genes of Lactococcus lactis MG1363 to investigate their involvement in biosynthesis of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose, which are precursors of glucose- and galactose-containing exopolysaccharides (EPS) in L. lactis. The lactococcal galU gene was identified by a PCR approach using degenerate primers and was fou...

UDP-galactose 4-epimerase catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose during normal galactose metabolism. One of the key structural features in the proposed reaction mechanism for the enzyme is the rotation of a 4'-ketopyranose intermediate within the active site pocket. Recently, the three-dimensional structure of the human enzyme with bound NADH and UDP-glucose was determin...

Syntheses of several plant polysaccharides involving in vitro glycosyl transfer from nucleotide sugars have now been reported using the enzymes present in particulate preparations from plant tissues. Such syntheses include starch from UDP-D-glucose1 or ADP-D-glucose,2 pectin from UDP-D-galacturonic acid,3 callose from UDP-D-glucose,4 and cellulose from GDP-D-glucose5 or UDP-D-glucose.6 Indirect...