Malignant gliomas contain stroma and a variety of immune cells including abundant activated microglia/macrophages. Mounting evidence indicates that the glioma microenvironment converts the glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) into glioma-supportive, immunosuppressive cells; however, GAMs can retain intrinsic anti-tumor properties. Here, we review and discuss this duality and the poten...

Gliomas are the most commonly diagnosed primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Median times of survival are dismal regardless of the treatment approach, underlying the need to develop more effective therapies. Modulation of the immune system is a promising strategy as innate and adaptive immunity play important roles in cancer progression. Glioma associated microglia and macrophage...

GAMs oscillate between states of strong rotation and up-down asymmetric plasma compression. Hence, at first glance the natural turbulent drive (or damping) mechanisms for them is either a direct boost of the rotation – via Reynolds stress – or the creation of asymmetric pressure distributions – via transport. However, an up-down asymmetric pressure can also be created by the divergence of the d...

The Gas and Aerosol Measurement Sensor (GAMS) was deployed aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the second SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE II). GAMS acquired line-of-sight (LOS) direct solar irradiance spectra during the sunlit portions of ten science flights of the DC-8 between 12 January and 4 February 2003. Differential line-of-sight (DLOS) optical depth spectra are prod...

We describe a framework for modeling optimization problems for solution on a grid computer. The framework is easy to adapt to multiple grid engines, and can seamlessly integrate evolving mechanisms from particular computing platforms. It facilitates the widely used master/worker model of computing and is shown to be exible and powerful enough for a large variety of optimization applications. In...