Quantifying the tip-sample interaction forces in amplitude-modulated atomic force microscopy (AM-AFM) has been an elusive yet important goal in nanoscale imaging, manipulation and spectroscopy using the AFM. In this paper we present a general theory for the reconstruction of tip-sample interaction forces using integral equations for AM-AFM and Chebyshev polynomial expansions. This allows us to ...

Since the late 1980s, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been increasingly used in biological sciences and it is now established as a versatile tool to address the structure, properties and functions of biological specimens. AFM is unique in that it provides three-dimensional images of biological structures, including biomolecules, lipid films, 2D protein crystals and cells, under physiological ...

AFM allows the visualization of biological samples under physiological solution conditions, at high spatial resolution. However, captured images are limited to snapshots because it takes at least 30 seconds to capture an image, whereas biological phenomena are highly dynamic. To overcome this limitation, my group has developed high-speed AFM. The dynamic processes and structural dynamics of pro...

sors capable of resolving forces up to 490pN with a resolution of O.OlpN in z, and up to 900pN with a resolution of 0.24~N in I, in the oassive mode, Electrostatic microactuators are microsc~py (AFM) techniques, mere are four limitations restricting AFM use in cellular force measurement during .~~ inkgrated to the force t, operate in manipulation. First, different types of end-effectors such as...

The formation mechanism of atomic force microscope (AFM) Moir e is explained using the transmittance function. The technique for preparing the AFM Moir e specimen grating is described. The sensitivity and accuracy of this method is analyzed. AFM Moir e method is used to measure the thermal deformation ball grid array (BGA) electronic package. The shear strain at the different solders in the BGA...

Using Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM) to manipulate nanoobjects is an actual challenge for surface scientists. Basic haptic interfaces between the AFM and experimentalists have already been implemented. The multi-sensory renderings (seeing, hearing and feeling) studied from a cognitive point of view increase the efficiency of the actual interfaces. To allow the experimentalist to feel and touch ...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a three-dimensional topographic technique with a high atomic resolution to measure surface roughness. AFM is a kind of scanning probe microscope, and its near-field technique is based on the interaction between a sharp tip and the atoms of the sample surface. There are several methods and many ways to modify the tip of the AFM to investigate surface properties, ...

BACKGROUND The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk, especially breast milk, is a valuable biomarker for exposure determination to aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)). In the present study, the risk of exposure to AFM(1) in infants fed breast milk was investigated. METHODS An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the analysis of AFM(1) in breast milk samples from 132 lactating mothe...